How The NACW Fought Sexism and Racism in Jim Crow Era

How The NACW Fought Sexism and Racism in Jim Crow Era The National Association of Colored Women was established in July of 1896  after Southern journalist, James Jacks referred to African American women as â€Å"prostitutes, thieves and liars.† African American writer and suffragette, Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin believed that the best way to respond to racist and sexist attacks was through social-political activism. Arguing that developing positive images of African American womanhood was important to countering racist attacks, Ruffin said, Too long have we been silent under unjust and unholy charges; we cannot expect to have them removed until we disprove them through ourselves. With the help of other notable African American women, Ruffin initiated the merger of several African American women’s clubs including the National League of Colored Women and the National Federation of Afro-American Women to form the first African American national organization. The organizations name was changed in 1957 to the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs (NACWC). Notable Members Mary Church Terrell: first president of the NACWIda B. Wells-Barnett: publisher and journalistMary McLeod Bethune: educator, social leader and eighth president of NACWFrances Ellen Watkins Harper: feminist and poetMargaret Murray Washington: educator and served as the fifth president of the NACW Mission The NACW’s national motto, â€Å"Lifting as We Climb,† embodied the goals and initiatives established by the national organization and carried out by its local and regional chapters. On the organizations website, the NACW outlines nine objectives which included developing the economic, moral, religious and social welfare of women and children as well as enforcing the civil and political rights for all American citizens. Uplifting the Race and Providing Social Services One of the NACWs main focuses was developing resources that would help impoverished and disenfranchised African Americans. In 1902, the organizations first president, Mary Church Terrell, argued: Self-preservation demands that [black women] go among the lowly, illiterate, and even vicious, to whom they are bound to ties of race and sex...to reclaim them.   In Terrells first address as president of the NACW, she said, The work which we hope to accomplish can be done better, we believe, by the mothers, wives, daughters, and sisters of our race than by the fathers, husbands, brothers, and sons. Terrell charged members with the task of developing employment training and fair wages for women while establishing kindergarten programs for young children and recreational programs for older children. Suffrage Through various national, regional and local initiatives, the NACW fought for the voting rights of all Americans. Women of the NACW supported womens right to vote through their work on the local and national level. When the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920, the NACW supported the establishment of citizenship schools. Georgia Nugent, chair of the NACW Executive Committee, told members, the ballot without intelligence in back of it is a menace instead of a blessing and I like to believe that women are accepting their recently granted citizenship with a sense of reverent responsibility. Standing Up To Racial Injustice The NACW vehemently opposed segregation and supported anti-lynching legislation. Using its publication, National Notes, the organization was able to discuss its opposition to racism and discrimination in society with a wider audience. Regional and local chapters of NACW launched various fundraising efforts after the Red Summer of 1919. All chapters  participated in nonviolent protests and boycotts of segregated public facilities. Todays Initiatives Now referred to as the National Association of Colored Womens Clubs (NACWC), the organization boasts regional and local chapters in 36 states. Members of these chapters sponsor various programs including college scholarships, teenage pregnancy,  and AIDS prevention. In 2010, Ebony magazine named the NACWC as one of the top ten non-profit organizations in the United States.

Biography of Hans Eysenck

Biography of Hans Eysenck Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) was a German-born British psychologist whose best-known work focused on personality and intelligence. He was also a highly controversial figure because of his assertion that racial differences in intelligence were the result of genetics.   Fast Facts: Hans Eysenck Full Name: Hans Jà ¼rgen EysenckKnown For: Eysenck was a psychologist best known for his work in the areas of personality and intelligenceBorn: March 4, 1916 in Berlin, GermanyDied: September 4, 1997 in London, EnglandParents: Eduard Anton Eysenck and Ruth EysenckEducation: Ph.D., University College LondonKey Accomplishments: The most frequently cited British psychologist in scientific journals before his death. Prolific author of over 80 books and more than one thousand articles. Founding editor of the journal Personality and Individual Differences Early Life Hans Eysenck was born in Berlin, Germany, in 1916. He was an only child and his parents were stage and screen performers. His mother was Jewish and his father was Catholic. Shortly after he was born, his parents divorced, leaving Eysenck to be raised by his Jewish maternal grandmother. Eysenck despised the Nazis, so after graduating from secondary school in 1934, he emigrated to London. His initial plan was to study physics at University College London, but due to a lack of prerequisites in the physics department, he ended up getting a degree in psychology instead. He went on to complete his Ph.D. there in 1940 under the supervision of Cyril Burt. Career By the time Eysenck graduated, World War II had started. Eysenck was declared an enemy alien and was almost interned. Initially, he was unable to find a job due to his status. Finally in 1942, with the ease of restrictions, Eysenck found a position at North London’s Mill Hill Hospital as a research psychologist. He went on to found the psychology department at the Institute of Psychiatry after the war, where he stayed until his retirement in 1983.  Eysenck continued pursuing research and writing until his death in 1997. He produced articles and books on a plethora of subjects, leaving behind over 80 books and over 1,600 articles. He was also the founding editor of the influential journal Personality and Individual Differences. Before he passed away, Eysenck was the most cited British psychologist in social science journals.   Contributions to Psychology One of Eysenck’s most significant contributions to psychology was his pioneering work on personality traits. Eysenck was among the first to use the statistical technique called factor analysis to reduce the number of possible traits down to a specific set of dimensions. Initially, Eysenck’s model included only two traits: extraversion and neuroticism. Later, he added the third trait of psychoticism. Today, the Big Five model of personality is considered the gold standard for trait measurement, but the Big Five echoes Eysenck’s model in several ways. Both models include extraversion and neuroticism as traits and Eysencks psychoticism includes elements of the Big Five traits conscientiousness and agreeableness. Eysenck also made the argument that there is a biological component to traits. He claimed that biology combined with the environment to create personality, accounting for the importance of both nature and nurture. Controversial Beliefs Eysenck is known for sparking a great deal of controversy in the field of psychology. One of his major targets was psychoanalysis, which he argued was unscientific. Instead, he was a vocal advocate for behavioral therapy and was largely responsible for establishing clinical psychology in the United Kingdom. In addition, he claimed that there was no evidence that cigarettes cause cancer. Instead, he said that there was a link between personality, smoking, and cancer. His research on the topic was done with the support of the tobacco industry. Although it was a conflict of interest, Eysenck argued that it didn’t matter where funding came from as long as studies were done correctly. The biggest controversy Eysenck became embroiled in was over intelligence. After his student Arthur Jenson asserted in an article that racial differences in intelligence were inherited, Eysenck defended him. He fanned the flames of the backlash even more by writing a book on the subject called The IQ Argument: Race, Intelligence, and Education. However, in his autobiography he was more moderate, saying that environment and experience also play a significant role in intelligence. Key Works Dimensions of Personality (1947)The Effects of Psychotherapy: An Evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology (1957)Uses and Abuses of Psychology (1953)The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence (1979)Rebel with a Cause: The Autobiography of Hans Eysenck (1997) Sources Buchanan, Rod. Eysenck, Hans Jà ¼rgen. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Encyclopedia.com, 27 June 2019. https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/psychology-and-psychiatry-biographies/hans-jurgen-eysenckBuchanan, Roderick D. Looking Back: The Controversial Hans Eysenck. The Psychologist, vol. 24, 2011, pp. 318-319. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-24/edition-4/looking-back-controversial-hans-eysenckCherry, Kendra. â€Å"Psychologist Hans Eysenck Biography.† Verywell Mind, 3 June 2019. https://www.verywellmind.com/hans-eysenck-1916-1997-2795509GoodTherapy. â€Å"Hans Eysenck (1916-1997).† 7 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/hans-eysenck.htmlMcAdams, Dan.  The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.McLeod, Saul. â€Å"Theories of Personality.† Simply Psychology, 2017. https://www.simplypsychology.org/personality-theories.htmlSchatzman, Morton. Obituary: Professor Ha ns Eysenck. The Independent, 8 September 1997. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-hans-eysenck-1238119.html

Marks and Spencer Financial Statements Coursework

Marks and Spencer Financial Statements - Coursework Example Many of the private companies in the UK use International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) conceptual framework for financial reporting (Holland, 1998) and address issues regarding fair value accounting in terms of the 8 phases, out of which four are active: the objective and qualitative characteristics, elements and recognition, measurement, and reporting entity. The conceptual framework itself provides guidance on which measurement bases to be used or outcomes to be obtained through the measurements decisions. The measurements of the different segments are aimed at fair value to meet the qualitative characteristics of the framework. As IFRS includes fair value measurements required by the United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (UK GAAP) (Ballard, 2010, p 704), it is obvious that the different identifiable components (Connolly, 2012) like pension and other associated costs and liabilities of M&S are according to fair value measurement that meets the qualitative characteristics of the framework (Ballard, 2010, p 703). Also, according to the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), the objective of fair value measurement is â€Å"to provide guidance for selecting measurement bases that satisfy the objectives and qualitative characteristics of financial reporting† (FASB, 2009b, p2; Ballard, 2010, p 703). The qualitative characteristics aid financial reporting in the selection of a measurement method which the company has attained through identifying its employees as their valuable asset and also having certain policies and schemes like the pension scheme and work, health and safety schemes as part of its sustainability drive (M&S How We Do Business, 2011). Further, identifiable segments are reportable or operating segments of the company that have reported revenue of more than 10% of the combined revenue of both internal and external revenue of all other segments. Also, if the profit or loss of a particular segment, like employee remuneration or employee benefits, including pension benefits, is greater than profit or loss of all operating segments combined or the assets are worth more than 10% of all combined operating segment assets, then the segment is said to be reportable (Connolly, 2012, p2). This means that M&S has the option of not including the employee remuneration benefits or pension liabilities and costs in the financial report. Measurement is defined in the IASB’s framework as â€Å"the process of determining the monetary amounts at which the elements of financial statements are to be recognized and carried in the balance sheet and income statement† (IASB, 2001, p 99; Ballard, 2010, p 706). M&S has recognized the measurements relating to employee remuneration, costs, and benefits in its financial statement in 2011 (Appendix 1 & 2). Many of the financial reporting institutes have recognized that there exists ambiguity in standard s attained in financial reporting. There are limitations in financial reporting and public information disclosure as it is common practice with companies to practice mandatory and voluntary public and private disclosure of information that is targeted at specific stakeholders of the business (Holland, 1998).

Marketing in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Marketing in construction - Essay Example (2001) it is revealed that ‘marketing implementation emerges as an organizations adaptive response to day-to-day market events that is rarely scripted by plans’ (Sashittal et al., 2001, 50). In other words, the influence of the organizational environment – both external and internal - on a firm’s marketing plans can be significant. The ability of a firm to respond to the needs of its market depends on a series of factors, like the employees’ skills, the funds and the technology available as well as the position of the competitors. The needs and the characteristics of the industrial sector in which a firm operates are also likely to have an important role when having to choose among the marketing policies that will be used by a particular firm. Current paper focuses on the marketing plans used by Bellway plc, a firm operating in the British construction industry. Currently, the number of firms operating in the British construction industry has been estimated to 250000. In order to understand the effectiveness of marketing policies used in the specific industry it is necessary to describe the characteristics of this sector. In accordance with a report published by the Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (2009) the construction industry ‘embraces the construction materials and products; suppliers and producers; building services manufacturers, providers and installers; contractors, sub-contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients and those organisations that are relevant to the design, build, operation and refurbishment of buildings’ (BERR, 2009, online article). In the construction industry there are specific standards that need to be met by marketers being involved in a specific marketing plan: a) the effects of its method/ material on the environment must be thoroughly examined in advance, b) the quality of the work is of high importance – the building under construction has to

The Almond Tree Essay Example for Free

The Almond Tree Essay In the poem The Almond Tree, the poet manages to effectively deal with the subject of death, or in this poem, the death of the poets hopes, by using different techniques such as imagery and symbolism. In The Almond Tree by Jon Stallworthy, the poet is drives to the hospital to see his new born son, and once arrives there, finds out his son has Downs Syndrome, and in the rest of the poem, the poet deals with the death of his hopes, and eventualy learns to accept his son. The poet manages to create an appropriate mood for the death of his hopes by having the first section of the poem be positive, and build up a positive and excited mood. The poet manages to create this postivite mood by imagery. When the poet is describing the traffic lights, he refers to them being green as peppermints, the reference to confectionery makes the reader associate the image with sweet and pleasant things. The poet is so excited that he feels he can change scenes to suit himself, shown when the poet says as if i were the lucky prince in an enchanted wood, this builds up the positive mood because it shows that the poet is very enthusiastic, and so the reader feels that enthusiasm too. The poet is very conscious of himself in the first section shown when he said he was aware of the blood running down the delta of my wrist, and so this shows how excited he is. The verse structure in the first section of the poem is also used as a technique to build up a feeling of excitement, the verses vary between 4-8 lines, and have a next to no structure, which give an impression of the poet being very excited so that hes not concentrating on the structure, and is just getting out all his thoughts as they come to him. The poet also states the hopes that he has for his child, such as let it be a son, a son, because he wants the family name to be carried on. All these techniques used help to develop a feeling of excitement and positivity in the first section, which is used to make the bad news to come an even bigger contrast. The second section of the poem is when the news is delivered that the poets son has Downs Syndrome, and is delievered effectively by first introducing the feeling of uneasiness by using onomatopoeia in the form of harsh words, such as scissored and slicing, and so makes the reader feel as if something bad is going to happen. The way the news is actually delivered is also meant to shock the reader, and it is said as quickly and to the point as possible, using only 4 one syllable words, and 1 two syllable word your son is a mongol. The way the news is delivered is made shocking not only by the way the news is delievered, but because it is such a big contrast to the first section of the poem. The third section describes how the poet feels once hearing this shocking news, and describes the death of his dreams,the poet uses techniques such as imagery to get these points across. He describes the news he recieved as going in clean as a bullet, and subsequently stopping the heart within it, which tells the reader that that to the poet, this news is fatal, and that the bullet left no mark on the skin so the poet showed no outward sign of despair. This reaction shows that the poet is in a state of shock. The poet then states that this was my first death, and by his first death he means the death of his hopes, which was for his son to carry on the family name and growing up to be just like the poet, he backs this point up again by stating never to come ashore into my kingdom speaking my language. The poet becomes displaced from reality, saying I held four walls in the lens of an eye, and this experience shows that the poet can see his dead self, and cannot feel anything any more, which proves that the poets hopes have died. The central idea of the poem is that love can overcome all obstacles, which in this case is the poet learning to love his son, no matter what. The only way that the poet would have been able to accept his son was by letting go of his hopes for his son growing up to be just like him and carrying on the family name, and this is what happens. The whole process is shown in the poem through symbolism, which in this case is the almond tree blooming, the poet describes this process as painful by using harsh words, such as split and blood-dark, and finds that the tree had to go through a painful process in order to become what it is, and he compares this to his own situation, and realises that he has to go through a painful process, which is the death of his dreams, in order to do what he was really meant to do, which was to accept his son.

Research Paper -- essays research papers

Wireless Fidelity In the last few years the world has undergone a tremendous and unprecedented technological change with the attack of the Information Technology revolution. Earlier it was e-mail that changed the way people communicate, and then online shopping became the order of the day, gradually online banking caught up and the list goes on and on. The new trend, Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows you to connect to the Internet from your couch at home, a bed in a hotel room or at school, all without wires. As author Harold Davis nicely puts, â€Å"Wi-Fi is a wireless technology just like a mobile phone and Wi-Fi enabled computers send and receive data indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi certification means that you will be able to connect anywhere there are other Wi-Fi CERTIFIED products — whether you are at home, the office, school and other public areas equipped with a Wi-Fi Access Point device† (35). Customers with the capability to tap into w ireless Internet networks at certain universities and Starbucks coffee shops in US will soon be able to browse the Web in a very inexpensive way using the wireless internet technology Wi-Fi WLAN use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11b or 802.11a to provide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. Michael Galagher notes that, â€Å"A Wi-Fi WLAN can be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wired networks (which use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet)† (120). Wi-Fi WLANs operate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, with an 11 Mbps (802.11b) or 54 Mbps (802.11a) data rate or with products that contain both bands (dual band), so they can provide real-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernet networks used in many networked environments. Competition has already driven down the costs of deploying 802.11b networks which can now be deployed by businesses to give their employees mobility within the business. Home users can buy 802.11b kit to extend their DSL or cable broadband Internet access wirelessly to the entire house. James LaRocca points out that, â€Å"In universities and schools a wireless network can allow computers to be integrated more effectively into teaching as classes no longer need to be held in computer lab† (48). In ... ...The master key also serves as a password by which users can be authenticated and granted network access. WPA was designed to be a software upgrade to WEP, so most existing wireless devices should be upgradeable to WPA via a firmware (define) update. In order to take advantage of WPA, all network devices like access points and clients must be upgraded. The first WPA-enabled products are expected in the early Spring of 2003, and upgrades for existing products should be available at around the same time or shortly thereafter. For Wi-Fi to really take off in homes, its needs to capture the public imagination and make the initial equipment costs seem even more trivial – similar to when TV sets were drastically reduced in price . "Wi-Fi is a key step for home networking, but it still doesn't solve issues of developing home entertainment," agrees Roland Berger's Kintz. That's probably true. But coming up with an attention grabber doesn't seem so impossible with Intel and Microsoft already pouring millions of dollars into Wi-Fi technologies and major carriers such as VoiceStream and AT&T figuring out how to make the technology work for them.

Reaction Paper: Children of Heaven

The movie â€Å"Children of Heaven† is about the life of All and Sahara, two children who come from an impoverished, Muslim family. All loses his sister's only pair of school shoes, and this story is of how the two keep it a secret from their parent's, and all the things they do to keep it hidden. To me, this shows how something that's insignificant to one person, can be a big deal to someone else. Take this situation, if I were to lose my shoes, or if they got worn out, I would simply buy another pair.For others though, if their one pair of shoes got destroyed, they would repair it until it was held together entirely by glue and thread. Throwing it away would be out of the question to them. This movie made me reevaluate my life, it made me wonder about the things I was ungrateful for, for all the things I take for granted: sleeping on a mattress instead of a floor, having more shoes than I need, and having money to spare on trivial things like ice cream and whatever else caug ht my fancy.The movie showed me to appreciate the life I was even, and to show sympathy to the less fortunate, to never turn a poor man away, because he may have faced the same problems those children faced. It also taught me the value of hard work. Right now, I don't have to lift a finger, my parent's pay for everything I have. One day though, I'm going to have to earn a living, and this movie showed me how some people do so much for so little. It taught me that I'm going to have to work hard to get what I need to survive alone in this world, much like how the father of All and Sahara had to garden to feed his family.

Persuasive Speech on Sex Education at School Essay

Should children be given sex education in schools, or should this be the responsibility of the parents? Thesis Statement: Sex, as serious and important to discuss, is still a very uncomfortable topic for teenagers to discuss; this speech will persuade the audience that sometimes, some things are best discussed at the comfort of a child’s home rather than the company of others. Sex is an important part of life. Whether or not we choose to go for it right away or wait, chances are we will have sex at one point in time, which is why it is better to get the facts straight sooner than later. The problem is though, with sex; we don’t get to say, â€Å"Experience is the best teacher.† If it is, then we could all get away with doing â€Å"it† and could say that we’ll do better next time. In 2010, the Philippine Government has implemented a United Nations-backed sex education program in public schools for children and teenagers. The sex education program has been piloted in selected schools around the country and included topics such as Reproductive Health, HIV/AIDS prevention, and family planning. Most of these topics imply only the abstinence part of sex education. Talking about sex does not make us want to have it. In fact, in health classes, sex is usually associated with abstinence. To be honest, my family has been open into discussing sex issues to us, their children. From time to time, they open discussions about sex, and ask us of our concerns with regards to certain aspects of sex. At first, I found it a whole lot awkward and uncomfortable talking about genital organs and hearing about how babies are made generally. However, as I have continued going to school and is somehow able to acquire the maturity I was expected to have, I have learned that sex should be taken seriously.

3 Types of Accidental Writing to Avoid

3 Types of Accidental Writing to Avoid 3 Types of Accidental Writing to Avoid 3 Types of Accidental Writing to Avoid By Mark Nichol Alliteration, punning, and rhyming are a trio of tried-and-true techniques for letting your prose out of the pen, introducing levity (perhaps at the expense of brevity). When inadvertently applied, however, they can distract readers because their use is inconsistent with a writer’s tone, or because the application is excessive. Here are some comments about proper and improper use of these writers’ tools. 1. Alliteration I enjoy reading and writing alliterative prose. When overused, alliteration can backfire, because it might lead readers to focus on the messenger rather than on the message. In moderation, however, it is a proven strategy for entertaining while informing. But it is rarely appropriate for formal writing or when a serious tone is required, so be careful not to introduce it on purpose or by accident in such contexts, such as in the statement â€Å"There are multiple methods for maintaining mortality records.† 2. Pun Away from the keyboard, I’m an unrepentant punster, but because punning is the most intrusive of these three techniques, I generally avoid it in writing; even in light-hearted content, it can be obtrusive. Beware unintended punning in such remarks as â€Å"If we were in his shoes, we’d sell our souls for the opportunity,† where readers might read souls as soles. A related, and more fraught, problem is carelessness about accidental double entendres. I’ll leave specifics to your imagination, but any review of one’s writing should include vigilant attention to the possible presence of words or phrases with risquà © connotations. 3. Rhyming Deliberate rhyming in prose is less common than employing alliteration or puns, though it’s appropriate in specialized cases such as mimicking Dr. Seuss in order to emphasize the absurdity of a phenomenon. But take care not to release sober but accidentally silly written remarks like â€Å"In the weeks before the election, pundits had a predilection for overemphasizing the offhand remark. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:85 Synonyms for â€Å"Help†40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples

Sortir Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples In French,  sortir  means to exit, to leave, or to go out and it is a frequently used irregular  -ir  verb. When you want to use it in conversational French, its important to know how to conjugate it. This article will show you a few different meanings of sortir and its most frequently used conjugations: the present, present progressive, compound past, imperfect, simple future, near future indicative, the conditional, the present subjunctive, as well as the imperative and the gerund. Sortir  Is Conjugated Like Partir and Dormir Within irregular  -ir  verbs, there are some patterns. Two groups exhibit similar characteristics and conjugation patterns. There is also a large category of extremely irregular  -ir  verbs that follow no pattern. Sortir  lies in the first group and it does follow a particular pattern. Besides sortir, this group includes dormir  (to sleep), mentir  (to lie), partir  (to leave), sentir  (to feel), servir  (to serve)  and all of their derivatives, such as repartir  (to divide). All of these verbs drop the last letter of the radical (root) in the singular conjugations. For instance, in first person singular of sortir is je sors (no t) while the first person plural is nous sortons (retains the t from the root). The more you can recognize these patterns, the easier it will be to remember conjugations. Generally speaking, most French verbs ending in  -mir,  -tir, or  -vir  are conjugated this way.   Using Sortir  in French Sortir  essentially means the opposite of  entrer  (to enter)  and the meaning changes slightly depending on what follows it. But the most common meaning is to go out and to exit or leave as in Je veux sortir ce soir (I want to go out tonight) or Nous ne sommes pas sortis depuis deux mois (We havent gone out for two months). When followed by a preposition or a direct object,  sortir  takes on a slightly different and more specific meaning. sortir de means  to get out of or to leave: As in,  Tu dois sortir de leau (You need to get out of the water) and Sortez de chez moi ! (Get out of my house!). It can also be used for something like, Doà ¹ sort-il  ? (Where has he been?).sortir de (informal) means  to have just done something: As in, On sort de manger (We just ate) and  Il sortait de finir  (He had just finished).sortir en / means  to go out in / on: As in, Nous allons sortir en voiture (Were going to go out in the car / go for a drive) and Je veux sortir bicyclette (I want to go out on my bike / go for a bike ride).sortir en   present participle  means to ___ out: As in,  Pourquoi est-il sorti en courant ? (Why did he run out?) and  Elle sort en boitant (She is limping out).sortir par  means  to get out by means of: As in, Tu ne peux pas sortir par la porte (You cant get out through the door) and Loiseau est sorti par la fenà ªtre (The bird went out the window).sortir direct object  m eans to take out: As in,  Tu dois sortir le chien ce soir. (You need to take the dog out tonight) and Jai sorti la voiture du garage  (I took the car out of the garage). Sortir  as a Pronominal Verb As a pronominal verb,  se sortir de  can take on even more meanings. For instance,  se sortir de  means to get out of or to extricate oneself. For example, Jespà ¨re quil va pouvoir se sortir de cette situation  (I hope hell be able to get out of that situation), or Je me suis sorti dun mauvais pas  (I got out of a tight spot). Sen sortir  means to survive/get through a dangerous or difficult situation, as in Je ne sais pas sil va sen sortir  (I dont know if hes going to make it / pull through) or Tu ten es bien sorti  ! (Youve done really well!). Common French Expressions With Sortir   There are plenty of idiomatic expressions using  sortir.  Keep in mind that you will need to conjugate  sortir  in many of these. sortir indemne dun choc -  to exit unscathedsortir de limagination -  being the result of creativity, inspirationsortir de sa cachette -  get out of hidingsen sortir -  to extract oneself from a difficult situationsortir de lordinaire -  to stand out from the ordinaryle petit oiseau va sortir. -  The photo is about to be taken. Present Indicative Je sors Je sors de la maison 8 heures du matin. I leave the house at 8 am. Tu sors Tu sors le chien. You take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sort Elle sort au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She goes out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortons Nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. We leave work very late. Vous sortez Vous sortez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortent Ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. They go out through the window. Present Progressive Indicative To speak about ongoing actions in the present in French you can use the regular present tense or the present progressive, which is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb à ªtre (to be) en train de the infinitive verb (sortir). Je suis en train de sortir Je suisen train de sortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am leaving the house at 8 am. Tu esen train de sortir Tu esen train de sortir le chien. You are taking the dog out. Il/Elle/On esten train de sortir Elle esten train de sortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She is going out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommesen train de sortir Nous sommesen train de sortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We are leaving work very late. Vous à ªtesen train de sortir Vous à ªtesen train de sortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You are taking the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sonten train de sortir Ils sonten train de sortir par la fenà ªtre. They are going out through the window. Compound Past Indicative The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is translated to English as the simple past. It is formed using either the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  or the auxiliary verb avoir and the past participle  sorti. Sortir is a special verb because in the compound tenses, it  may be conjugated with both  Ãƒ ªtre or  avoir, depending on whether  sortir  is used intransitively or transitively. When  sortir  is used  intransitively, the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, and in that case the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject: Es-tu sorti hier soir  ? (Did you go out last night?). When  sortir  is used  transitively, the auxiliary verb is  avoir: Jai sorti la voiture du garage (I took the car out of the garage). Je suis sorti(e)/ai sorti Je suis sorti de la maison 8 heures du matin. I left the house at 8 am. Tu es sorti(e)/as sorti Tu as sorti le chien. You took the dog out. Il/Elle/On est sorti(e)/a sorti Elle est sortie au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She went out to the movies with Jean. Nous sommes sortis(ies)/avons sorti Nous sommes sortis du travail trà ¨s tard. We left work very late. Vous à ªtes sorti(s/ies)/avez sorti Vous avez sorti les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You took the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sont sortis(ies)/ont sorti Ils sont sortis par la fenà ªtre. They went out through the window. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense can be translated to English as was going out or used to go out. It is used to talk about ongoing events or repeated actions in the past. Je sortais Je sortais de la maison 8 heures du matin. I used to leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortais Tu sortais le chien. You used to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortait Elle sortaitau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She used to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortions Nous sortions du travail trà ¨s tard. We used to leave work very late. Vous sortiez Vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You used to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortaient Ils sortaient par la fenà ªtre. They used to go out through the window. Simple Future Indicative Je sortirai Je sortirai de la maison 8 heures du matin. I will leave the house at 8 am. Tu sortiras Tu sortiras le chien. You will take the dog out. Il/Elle/On sortira Elle sortiraau cinà ©ma avec Jean. She will go out to the movies with Jean. Nous sortirons Nous sortirons du travail trà ¨s tard. We willleave work very late. Vous sortirez Vous sortirez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You will take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles sortiront Ils sortiront par la fenà ªtre. They will go out through the window. Near Future Indicative The near future in French is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb aller (to go) the infinitive (sortir). It is translated to English as going to verb. Je vais sortir Je vaissortir de la maison 8 heures du matin. I am going to leave the house at 8 am. Tu vas sortir Tu vasortir le chien. You are going to take the dog out. Il/Elle/On vasortir Elle vasortir au cinà ©ma avec Jean. She isgoing to go out to the movies with Jean. Nous allonssortir Nous allonssortir du travail trà ¨s tard. We aregoing toleave work very late. Vous allezsortir Vous allezsortir les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. You aregoing to take the trash out after eating. Ils/Elles vontsortir Ils vontsortir par la fenà ªtre. They aregoing to go out through the window. Conditional To talk about possibilities or hypothetical events, you can use the conditional mood. Je sortirais Je sortirais de la maison 8 heures du matin si je me levais plus tà ´t. I would leave the house at 8 am if I got up earlier. Tu sortirais Tu sortirais le chien si je le demandais. You would take the dog out if I asked for it. Il/Elle/On sortirait Elle sortiraitau cinà ©ma avec Jean si elle voulait. She would go out to the movies with Jean if she wanted to. Nous sortirions Nous sortirionsdu travail trà ¨s tard si c'à ©tait nà ©cessaire. We wouldleave work very late if it were necessary. Vous sortiriez Vous sortiriez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger si vous vouliez. You wouldtake the trash out after eating if you wanted to. Ils/Elles sortiraient Ils sortiraient par la fenà ªtre s'ils pouvaient. They would go out through the window if they could. Present Subjunctive The subjunctive mood is used in cases where the action is uncertain. Que je sortes Il est important que je sortes de la maison 8 heures du matin. It's important that I leave the house at 8 am. Que tu sortes Maurice est content que tu sortes le chien. Maurice is happy that you take the dog out. Qu'il/Elle/On sorte Il est possible qu'elle sorte au cinà ©ma avec Jean. It is possible that she go out to the movies with Jean. Que nous sortions Le patron suggà ¨re que nous sortons du travail trà ¨s tard. The boss suggests that we leave work very late. Que vous sortiez Votre pà ¨re exige que vous sortiez les poubelles aprà ¨s manger. Your father demands that you take the trash out after eating. Qu'ils/Elles sortent Carl conseille qu'ils sortent par la fenà ªtre. Carl advises that they go out through the window. Imperative There are times when you simply want to tell someone to Get out! On these occasions, you can turn to the imperative verb mood which does not require a subject pronoun. Instead, you can just tell them Sors ! To form the negative commands, simply place ne...pas around the positive command. Positive commands Tu sors ! Sors le chien ! Take the dog out! Nous sortons! Sortons du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's leave work very late! Vous sortez! Sortez les poubelles ! Take out the trash! Negative commands Tu ne sors pas ! Ne sors pas le chien ! Don't take the dog out! Nous ne sortons pas! Ne sortons pas du travail trà ¨s tard ! Let's not leave work very late! Vous ne sortez pas! Ne sortez pas les poubelles ! Don't take out the trash! Present Participle/Gerund The  present participle  of  sortir  is  sortant. This was formed by simply adding  -ant  to the verb stem. The present participle can be used to form the gerund (usually preceded by the preposition en), which can be used to talk about simultaneous actions. Present participle/gerund ofSortir sortant Il est tombà © en sortant le chien. He fell down while taking the dog out.

Construction Litigation Industry in California Thesis - 1

Construction Litigation Industry in California - Thesis Example In the light of improved opportunities, we find that the general contractors now offer a number of services such as: financial assistance, management of the total program, operations and maintenance, and renovation besides the core service of designing, building, and construction management1. Hence, we see that the construction industry has taken over a number of services that were offered by consultants. The contractors have taken over a large share of the service market of A/E consultants and thus, A/E firms need to expand the services offered to retain their market shares. They need to venture into service segments such as providing financial assistance to the clients, assistance with regulations, cost analysis of project life cycle, O&M functions, and renovation services. The situation has changed dramatically for marketing professionals and construction services providers and it is not as simple as it used to be. The shift in the project delivery system and the advances in commu nication technology requires the architects and the engineers to change themselves from their usual procedures of working. For example, in the past architects relied on their name and recognition whereas consulting engineers relied on 80/20 rule2 , and general contractors used to bid low in competitive bidding situations. The A/E consultants can retain their market shares by strengthening their market niche, marketing plans that increase customer retention, and restructuring of the organization to increase flexibility in the human resource.