Language Development Within Infants and Young Children Essay

Language is a systematic means of communicating through the use of sounds or conventional symbols. Without language there would be no way of communicating with others. To allow us to be able to use recognisable sounds and symbols to express ourselves, they first have to be taught before humans can utilize them and are continually built upon through ongoing language development. Currently, language development includes a sizeable amount of theory, research, and debate from a variety of fields which include linguistics, psychology, philosophy, sociology, medicine, computers, biology, neurology, speech and language pathology, and education to name but a few. More recently, due to a sudden occurrence of activity in the aforementioned disciplines, there has been a huge leap as far as what is known about language and as a result of the interdisciplinary sharing of information between these groups the quantity of language development theories has increased tenfold. Read more: Essay explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors. Theorists and researchers have lined up to either support the more traditional theories or to develop more diverse and unique descriptions of language which may provide insightful clues into answering some of the existing questions. The number of language development theories is extensive in number and range from Chomsky’s nativist theories (universal grammar, principles and parameters, minimalism, etc. , connectionism, optimality theory, Vygotsky’s social interactionism, Piaget’s cognitive constructivism, information processing theory, neural network models, interactionist approaches such as Bruner’s LASS and Bates and MacWhinney’s functionalism, and models that stress pragmatics, such as speech acts theory and Grice’s conversational maxims. There are then the more philosophical models such as structuralism, semiotics, logical positivism, Frege’s direct reference theory, or Wittgenstein’s picture heory, waning models (such as case grammar, pivot grammar, and the semantic relations approach). There are also many, more recent theories being promoted and debated in specific circles which include Ullman’s dual system’s model, Fodor’s language of thought, Tomasello’s usage based grammar, Jackendoff’s conceptual semantics, and Sperber and Wilson’s relevance theory. All these go to make up a fraction of the theorists database available to the average language student. When thinking in a teaching context it is clear that owing to the copious amount of theories available how, when attempting to use current research and theory in functional practice, any language or class teacher could easily become baffled by the intensity and sometimes complexities contained within the above in addition to the obvious drawback of there being just too vast a number from which to make a decision. Moreover, how one then manages to deliver a single, clearly defined system or theory within their classroom is a task that is far beyond the reach of any typical primary school teacher. However, through personal experiences in addition to past and current teaching trends it is possible to see how language development techniques have progressed from the earliest theories to the most popular and productive techniques in use today. The earliest theory concerning language development assumed that children acquired language through imitation alone as stated by Edward Thorndike (1911) in his connectionism theory which was the original stimulus-response-consequence psychology of learning which has influenced so psychologists today. It is also plainly visible within any nursery or early years setting where by children as young as six months begin to vocalization with intonation in addition to responding to their name, other human voices without visual cues by turning their head and eyes and responding appropriately to friendly and angry tones, this has also been noted through personal parental experiences as well as teaching. However, whilst research has shown that children who imitate the actions of those around them during their first year of life are, generally speaking, those who also learn to talk more quickly; there is also evidence that imitation alone cannot explain how children become talkers. An example from the English language is the simple expression of â€Å"We goed to the Shops† – it is evident here that the child is very cleverly inventing the past tense of ‘go’ based on the rules they have absorbed from their surrounding teachers’. B. F Skinner, the Behaviourist theorist argued that adults shape the speech of children by reinforcing the babbling of infants that sound most like words. (Skinner 1957). In other words, when a parent, carer or teacher shows enthusiasm for something a child tries to say, this should encourage the child to repeat the utterance. In spite of this, even though reinforcement may help, this theory cannot account for children’s inventions of language. Some argue that it is not just hearing language around them that is important; it is the kind of language and whether it is used responsively through following a baby’s input, such as making a noise or gesture. Also, it is clear that babies need to hear language to develop these responses. This point is of great importance in relation to young children with impoverished language experience as it can be a contributing factor as to why so many reception year children are entering the schooling system with an inadequate grasp of the English language. Through personal experience it is evident that young children become amazingly proficient communicators during the first three years of life through the use of noises which only their parents can comprehend. This evolves into simple sign language which again only baby and parent understands; whilst all the time parents, siblings, grandparents, carers and any other significant person within an infants’ scope is constantly reinforcing these movements with their verbal equivalents. Once more this is stated within official documentation within schools in the Birth to Three Matters framework which points out, that babies and infants alike use ‘the hundred languages of children’ – body language (including facial expressions and dance); sign language (their own and family inventions as well as an officially recognised sign language); painting, drawing and mark-making; and oral expression. They have been acutely active listeners since their days in the womb, where they learned to recognise the speech patterns, tunes and tones of the languages used in their home contexts. Again, language development research informs us that young children’s language is influenced by many factors, including having sensitive adults and older children around them who will listen and attend to their expressions and who will use and model appropriate language themselves. This has been called Motherese by researchers and theories led by Cathy Snow. The idea of Motherese (Snow and Ferguson 1977; Trevarthen 1995) the accentuated, tuneful speech from mothers o their babies has been used to explain how aspects of a child’s environment can help or hinder them from talking; however it does not explain the underlying causes of language acquisition. Nevertheless, Motherese does play an important part in the development of conversation with infants and young children as it attracts and holds the attention of babies’ as well as allowing them to participate in enjoyable turn taking exchanges – the beginnings of conversation. Nativist theorists such as Chomsky (1965; 1975) argue that humans are born with an inbuilt Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and are biologically programmed to gain knowledge; he goes onto to state that language then simply emerges as a child matures. He goes onto maintain that ‘the LAD contains knowledge of grammatical rules common to all languages’ (Shaffer et al, 2002). He also proposes the LAD allows children to understand the rules of any language which is native to their existence. He also developed the concepts of ‘transformational grammar, surface structure and deep structure (Matlin, 2005) – transformation grammar is grammar which transforms a sentence; surface structure refers to written words; and deep structure is the underlying message or meaning of a particular sentence’. Slobin (Ferguson and Slobin 1973; Slobin 1985) continued this premise, suggesting that just as newborns come into the world ‘programmed’ to look at interesting, especially moving, objects, so babies are pre-programmed to pay attention to language. Nevertheless, this theory has its inadequacies in that children seem to have great proficiency in acquiring whichever language surrounds them and throughout their first year of life they will gradually discard from their repertoire of vocalisations sounds which they do not hear in the speech of those with whom they spend their lives – but of course the pre-programming does not need to be thought of as tied to a specific language. Like Trevarthen and others, Chomsky indicated the centrality of interactions with familiar adults and older children from the earliest days of life. Parents and practitioners needed time to enjoy ‘protoconversations’, supporting research has shown that treating babies as if they understand talk and involving them in conversational exchanges are essential experiences on which later abilities are founded. This ‘in-built’ ability is currently being built upon within the National Curriculum through the introduction of French into earlier key Stages (KS) such as KS1 and KS2. It has been shown that the nativist theory, to some extent, holds true in that children are more capable of acquiring multiple languages in their earlier years compared to when they being to mature. This is not to say that once children reach a particular age however, that humans can no longer learn a language which is non-native, quite the contrary. In contrast, theorists such as Piaget, Nelson and Sinclair focus more on the behaviour surrounding children and the effects of it. When compared to Chomsky, Slobin and Trevarthen; Piaget argued that language was an example of symbolic behaviour and therefore no different to other learning. A colleague of Piaget: Hermine Sinclair (1971) went onto propose that a child’s ability to nest a set of Russian dolls uses the same cognitive processes involved in the understanding of how sentences come to be embedded within one another. Using this cognitive processing explanation, Nelson (1985) produced theories based on the thinking that language is an extension of the child’s existing meaning making capacity. This seems to fit with the notion that children will generally begin to engage in pretend play at about the same time as their first words are expressed, indicating that they are using symbols in the form of words and also symbolic pretend objects; for example using a block as a pretend cake. This type of learning is clearly evident within the primary classroom especially within literacy and in particular reading when children use pictures within their books to decipher difficult words which are maybe too problematical to make out through phonetical sounding. In addition to this powerful alteration from the biologically-based understanding of human behaviour to the social/cultural explanation of human activity is Vygotsky’s social learning tradition which stressed the importance of opportunities for babies and children to interact with, and observe interactions between, others. This idea is supported by research showing that mothers who behave as if their babies and young children understand language right from the start, make eye contact with them and engage in dialogue, responding to their babies’ reactions (kicking, waving arms, smiling, etc) are laying the foundations of conversation. This progresses as children grow to verbal praises, however, it is again evident within the classroom the children who receive positive physical reinforcement for their achievements through embraces, reward charts and even basic reactions such as looking at a piece of work which the child is proud of, questioning them on their days activities and so. Through this continual interaction, parents retain a constant, ever-progressing dialogue with their child; whilst all the time that child is developing their language skills. In spite of this, having such a wide selection of options often obscures the availability of the best option. As well as this, there are so many theories in existence which offer explanations of hidden processes, that they tend to be so general that teaching assumptions cannot apply across categories of language or from individual to individual. Connectionist ideas may inspire treatment relevant to semantics, such as graphs and webs. An instructor could teach implications and sarcasm as implied in pragmatic theories. Or one may use underpinnings from theory of mind explanations to inspire joint attention and reciprocal turn taking. While these explanations apply to specific parts of language, others do not apply to instruction at all. How for example, could one teach optimality theory to a preschooler? And beyond futuristic gene manipulation, improving universal grammar is impossible. The time and resource limitations involved in using evidence based practice in language therapy have been eloquently discussed in Brackenberry, Burroughs, and Hewitt (2008). Compounding difficulties greatly is the predominance of some theories (nativist) that work from the assumption that because grammar is analogous to an organ that grows, it therefore cannot be taught (Chomsky, 1980). That no one language acquisition theory has been settled upon indicates that no one method of language teaching can currently be deemed the best. Despite this and when considering language development within the classroom it is important to consider as many ideas as possible; as researchers and educational theorists alike have still not decided on an unambiguous form of language development that encompasses how humans develop language. Nevertheless, that is not to say that we, as teachers should therefore ignore what is in front of our eyes, but rather embrace what we have and attempt to create a learning environment which stimulates and captivates the children we teach.

The Life of Susan Brownell Anthony

She is a leader, an advocate, a reformist, an educational reformer, a labor activist, a seeker of justice, a fighter of freedom, a crusader, a humanitarian, a rebel and most of all, a woman of suffrage. Susan B. Anthony led the life of struggles as she pushed forth the rights of women as equal citizens, amidst the dominance governing of men of her time. The Early Life Imagine a long line of Green Mountains, rushing streams tumbling through rocky gorges, beautiful meadows and forests, old bridges coupled with pleasantly old-fashioned farmhouses and roadways.This picturesque scenery is where Susan B. Anthony was born, a second child and second eldest to Daniel and Susan Read Anthony of Adams, Massachusetts on February 15, 1820. She grew up in the loving and welcoming arms of her mother and father. Although she lived in a somber and quiet home, theirs was a home filled with respect, affection and great comfort. Susan as a child is precocious, brimming with intelligence and life. At an e arly age of three she was taught to spell and read.She has great ambition and does things that are considered beyond a girl’s capacity. Her father, one of her greatest influences was as a manager of a milling company and an abolitionist enthusiast at that time. At the age of 10, she was permitted by her kind and charitable mother to accompany his father in his work and at the age of eleven was able to detect the injustice seen on women (Harper, 1969). She noticed a worker named Sally Ann who was exceptional in weaving not rising to a position of an overseer.A man named Elijah, who was the overseer at that time, kept going over to Sally Ann when dire situations come and in turn Sally Ann always manages to deliver and correct the problems. And so when she asked her father why ever Sally Ann never got the position as an overseer, he replied that it’s because she was a woman, the dissatisfaction of Susan grew up in a place filled with women. Most of the mill’s weave rs were young girls and as custom, they reside with the millowner.Susan together with her mother took care of these women and cooks and packs a dinner pail for them. Education was very important in their household. When the family moved to Battenville, there is an old fashioned district school taught by a man in winter and a woman in summer, however their views on teaching a girl lessons that were never insisted upon her such as Mathematics pushed her father to build a private school employed with the best teachers and only admitted children willing to associate with his own.Girls were taught sewing, spelling as well as reading. Susan at the age of 15 became a teacher herself. This caused much debate from their neighbors for women are only employed or only work when situations are pressed upon them. In her time, women’s values as equals were ignored and the right to vote where given to a chosen few, however this was not the case in their household and Susan never forgot the m ark that forever instilled her to fight. Issues of slavery also intermingle, she once heard her father saying never to buy cotton raised by slavery.She joined meetings and conferences along with her father by the time she was old enough and thus began her quest for freedom (Lutz, 1959). The Susan B. Anthony as an Abolitionist Members of Susan Anthony’s house during Sundays would meet at their farm where they were occasionally joined by Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison. In 1956 she became an agent of American Anti-Slavery Society wherein she’s active in conducting speeches and meetings. As a result she was mobbed, threatened. She was hung in effigy and her image was dragged around the streets.In 1963, together with her closest friend, Elizabeth Stanton that she met on 1951 created Women's National Loyal League wherein they fought for the rights of Black women as full citizens by means of being allowed to vote. They were bitterly disappointed when their peti tion didn’t appear in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, however continued their campaign in her newspaper The Revolution that she herself is the editor and publisher. An Educational Reformer At the age of 26, Susan Anthony was the head of the girl’s department at Canajoharie Academy fro two years earning $110 a year.It was in 1953 that she called for a convention in which pinpoint the issues regarding better pay and positions for women. She reiterated that it should be so because men and women’s minds are of no difference so better opportunities should also be given to women ad ex-slaves such as education and equal treatment. One of her most memorable exploits was during the 1890’s, when she raised $50,000 to secure the admittance of women in the University of Rochester putting her life insurance policy in value to meet up the deadline.The said University was forced to submit due to their promise and as a result, during 1900’s women were adm itted for the first time. As a Labor Activist In her paper, The Revolution she promoted the eight-hour day and equal pay for equal work which in turn promoted the purchasing of American-made goods and immigration in the South and resettle in the country. She encouraged women to form unions that will secure their right as workers and spearheaded the Workingwomen's Central Association in 1970. As a Temperance Worker Her family always condemned the drinking of liquor.Back when she was a head of the girl’s department, she joined the Daughter of Temperance, a movement that notifies the public of the effects of liquor on families and campaigned for a law against it. There was a time when she had been refused to speak in a convention and in turn she walked out and held a convention of her own. Together with Elizabeth Stanton, she formed another organization and fought their way to the creation of laws against liquors. A Woman Suffragist and a Campaigner Anthony believed that in orde r for men and women to become equal, a necessity for women to be allowed to vote should be in order.It symbolizes the capacity for women to decide and at the same time be acknowledged of their worthiness. It was the onset of voting in 1872 that she defiantly casted her ballot in the presidential elections and was arrested because of it. In turn she denied that it wasn’t a crime and refused to pay for the penalty. She argued that she was merely exercising her right as a citizen of the country and recited the preamble of the federal constitution wherein she stressed that the citizens of the country, not white men or male men forms the union.It was in February 15, 1906, at the age of 86, Susan B. Anthony died. Ten thousand mourners grieved for her. In her later years she had extensively traveled the world seeking for woman empowerment. She was able to organize 48 countries with the same cause. It was 100 years after her birthday that 19th amendment was passed on, extending the r ights of women to vote. A Conclusion In the end, it is safe to say that Susan B. Anthony is truly a woman ahead of her time. She might have lived a life full of struggles but she had lived on to the fullest.She had fought her way against the system in order to right what she thinks is an injustice. In the end, she is truly a hero and a martyr that maybe in one way or another, had not been not much credited upon. She is a symbol of truth and a mother of all women. She represents the women of today that now know how to fight for their rights. She had gone a long way but in the end, she fought hard and won hard. Her legend lives on as women continue to uphold their worth as women in the society, amidst the onslaught of injustices and oppression.The fight still continues as long as there are still those who suffer. References An Account of the Proceedings of the Trial of Anthony, on teh Charge of Illegal voting, at the Presidential Election in November, 1872. Rochester: Daily Democrat a nd Chronicle Book Print, 1872. Reprinted 2002 by The Lawbook Exchange Limited. Biography of Susan B. Anthony. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from http://www. susanbanthonyhouse. org/biography. shtml Harper, Ida Husted. (1969) Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony. New YorkL Arno, 1969. NOTES: Reprint of ten 1898-1908 ed.Holland, Patricia G. â€Å"Susan B. Anthony. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Linder. Doug (2001). The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting. Retrieved January 18 2008 from http://www. law. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/anthony/sbaaccount. html Lutz, A. (1959). Susan B. Anthony: Rebel, Crusader, Humanitarian. Zenger Publishing Co. Inc. Washington D. C. Susan B. Anthony. (2006). American Atheist. Retrieved January 18, 2008 from http://www. atheists. org/Atheism/roots/anthony/

Eulogy for Simon Essay

Well, what can I say about Simon. Every one of us here, present today in this memorial, are aware of how such a good person he exerted to be in his short life. I looked up to him, he was like a coach to me, I thought that it was almost impossible for such a pure spirit to be present, and it did; and it was my best companion. He taught me many lessons, which I know they will help me throughout life, and since the day we met I could see a future connection between us. He was one of the best buddies I ever had. Simon was a shy, sensitive boy which made him unique. He was always willing to work for the good of his community. Having a spiritual human goodness that was deeply connected with nature made him so lovable. His name, which means â€Å"he whom God has heard,† signifies the depth of his spirituality and centrality to the novel’s Judeo-Christian allegory. Whenever there was a chance to help someone he took an extra step to do so. The one thing I remember the most about him was his skinny, vivid little body with straight, coarse black hair. In the wind his hair shifted back ever so lightly, making it look longer. We met on a rainy day at recess when the other kids were bullying me. I was being kicked around like a hacky sack not knowing what was happening. After I finally got loose I ran to somewhere safe and the next thing I saw was him, Simon. When he saw me crying, he brought the joy back to me. He said encouraging stuff, like â€Å"You do know that the only reason they are bullying you is because they have been bullied themselves. If you ignore them for some quite time they will forget all about you. Hey, why don’t you spend lunch with me tomorrow?† Me slowly lifting me head said â€Å"sure.† That day forward I spent every day eating lunch with him, laughing and having a great time. Every day was a new adventure with him not knowing what was going to come next. Every Sunday we went to church together praising the lord. One of his greatest passions in life was his pride in religion. He was very attached to his value of religion. He was always sure of what he believed in, and he never had doubts of any of this. Over a year period he only missed church once because of a family emergency. This made me look up to him even more and I joined bible club in 4th grade because of  it. It is incredibly sad that Simon life ended so soon and I cannot put into words how much I will miss him. Simon was a positive person and would not want us to be sad today. If he were here he would tell us to cheer up, smile and remember all of the great memories we all shared. Even though Simon may be gone, his memory will live on in all of us forever. Simon I appreciate your friendship and will neve r forget you.

Definition of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Definition of Happiness - Essay Example Religious situations can describe happiness as the emotion felt when respective beliefs and Gods have answered prayers from different individuals. For example, believers of a certain religion can be referred to as happy after their prayers have been answered through the expected ways. Biologically, happiness can be described through the release of various hormones in the body that trigger various emotions. Biologists study happiness as a feeling that originates from various body organs. External forces such as personal and group accomplishments can also cause happiness. Additionally, individual health may contribute to levels of happiness. Research shows that individuals from healthy areas are bound to be happier than in unhealthy locations. The biological structure of various individual affects happiness rates in both the individual and surrounding beings. Economically, happiness can be described as a success in various financial sectors. For example, increase in the gross national product of different countries may instill feelings of happiness to the citizens of respective countries. The economic status of a country has effects on the happiness levels of individuals. People from poor nations may not have high levels of happiness compared to those born in developed and rich countries. The sense of belonging affects the natural levels of happiness. Individuals from rich countries are bound to have most of their responsibilities catered for; hence avoiding stress and increases the chances of happiness. It is also noticeable that employees from well-paying firms are happier and more productive than those from poorly paying and maintained organizations. It can be further mean a feeling that an individual goes through when his/her wishes or expectations are met.  Ã‚  

B1- Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

B1- Financial Management - Essay Example If a firm becomes competent to establish this optimal capital structure, then it provides maximum returns to shareholders. In spite of this appeal by Modigliani and Miller, the optimal capital structure has not been found by researchers. This forms the basis of evaluation of the model depicted by Modigliani and Miller (Simerly & Li, 2002). The research paper is based on different arguments related to the approach of Modigliani and Miller with respect to its propositions. Modigliani and Miller have proposed two models in this context where one is with effect of corporate taxes and the other in absence of the corporate taxes. The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the models and present a critical understanding of the Modigliani and Miller propositions. The paper also deals with the identification of certain critical issues associated with the models and demonstrates the analyses of the issues. The purpose of the paper will be fulfilled by embracing different criticism of the two models and evidences related to their practicability. During the Belgium Tax Reform of 1982, the cost of equity was 13%. The cost of equity was tax deductible at the level of corporate during 1982-1983 for equities that were newly issued. The following consequences of the situation were evaluated that depicted the propositions of MM approach when tax rate was considered: equities were issued in highest quantity during the period 1982-1983 which was more than that during the last 13 years. The Belgian stock market increased by 40% in December 1981. The consequences implies that since expected equity return increases with the amount of borrowing in the presence of corporate taxes, hence people strived towards buying more equity (Rao, 2010). In MM Model of capital structure without taxes, markets are assumed to be perfect that means there are no taxes, no lawyers and no costs of bankruptcy. Now, on condition of market being perfect and efficient, Modigliani

Management decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management decisions - Essay Example First and fore most, visual interface for decision flow creation should be evident within the management system. This however, means that each techie in the line of engineering field should learn new tools and techniques each week or even months. I must however, ensure that flexible management of multiple decision flows are met since the technological environment do changes faster with time. Ability to use data from external data sources as well as other systems is an aspect that I should put in mind and manipulate. In addition, building scorecards and models within the employees is an aspect that I should consider since they trigger the evolution of new technologies and bring about management solution. Other solution to the prevailing management issue like defining flexibility between different participants and their decision making process should be given a forefront action to avail effectiveness in the management decisions which incur positive result in management mechanism. Summarily, it is therefore important while am making decision in my company to make sure that both portfolio and the projects within the company components are

Cedar Revolution of 2005 In Lebanon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cedar Revolution of 2005 In Lebanon - Essay Example The precursor for the revolution, as discussed in the Introduction, is the assassination of former Prime Minister Hariri. The literature tells us that Hariri was in conflict with the political power in Damascus, Syria, and that this conflict was what presaged the assassination, presumably with Syria having a hand in the murder. It is to be noted that Hariri was given credit for undertaking the rebuilding of Lebanon and Beirut in particular after the devastating civil war that gripped the country all the way to 1989. Hariri was popular and his fight with the Syrian power brokers was a proxy fight of a large majority of Lebanese against the control that Syria wielded over the country, so to speak. These are very powerful reasons that powered a groundswell of support for the revolution, and it can be said that the murder of Hariri in this context was the spark that lit the revolutionary fire. That the United States and much of the west pinned the blame for the murder on Syria no doubt p rovided further justification for the popular revolution. On the other hand, it was the funeral march of Hariri that immediately precipitated the chain of events that led to about 20,000 protesters gathering and marching to Martyr's Square just a few days after, and which then led to the massing of over one million activists by the time that the Syrian sympathizing Prime Minister Omar Karami had resigned and the subsequent announcement of the complete withdrawal of Syrian forces from Lebanon after three decades of continuous presence in the country (E-Collaborative for Civic Education, 2013; Singh, 2009). There are many reasons cited for the success of the massing and the chain of events being effected as described above, but chief among these reasons is the non-violent way with which the protesters dealt with the government forces that were sent their way to try and stop the revolution in its tracks. While it is true that the funeral of Hariri attracted protesters who openly asked for Syria to leave Lebanon, it is also true that the protesters reacted to the sending of troops to Martyr's Square not with violence but with flowers, and this allowed the protesters to deflect the rising tension and gain the moral upper hand in the situation. It helped too that the opposition forces were able to plan and strategize behind the scenes, and played some part in orchestrating the activities that led to the gains that they made in pushing Syrian forces out of Lebanon and forcing Karami to resign (E-Collaborative for Civic Education, 2013; McCarthy, 2005; Follath, 2005; Singh, 2009). On the other hand, from a geopolitical point of view, there are those who push the argument that the US presence in the region, and in particular the presence of US troops that had designs on launching a war with Syria on any credible pretext,

Exploring Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exploring Song - Essay Example This paper is an analysis of the poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In!† in a musical setting. It will explain the choices made in order to place the song in a musical setting. It will then compare the poem with a recorded version of the song, â€Å"Dream Variations† and finally draw conclusions on whether there were any effects of the recorded version of the song to the poem. Part I: Poem Analysis in a Musical Setting The poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In!† is a cheerful song, one in which the author expresses joy and happiness in the arrival of the month of March. In the poem, the speaker, while expressing his joy to the arrival of March, uses different expressions and words to explain his feelings. In a musical setting, I would use the through-composed form of music in order to express these feelings of the speaker. Since through-composed form contains different music for every stanza, and the poem has different ideas and mixed feelings in the various stanzas, then, t his would be the best way to go about the song. In a musical setting, using the correct singers, combined with the right instruments is the best way of creating the best record song. In a musical setting, due to the high range of the poem, I would use singers with a high range of voice, signifying the mood of the song, which is cheerful. As the song starts, I would use baritone, which is the voice falling between tenor and bass. Coupling this with tenor, which is the highest male voice, I would get a good combination expressing the speaker’s feelings in the song. The entire sing would then have a rich tenor. However, there would be the harmony in the singer’s voices in the last stanza. These, combined with the piano, a saxophone and a violin would blend well enough to make a great piece. While creating a musical setting of the poem, I would use a number of musical elements in order to get the right combination and come up with a great piece. Texture in a song, often re garded as the density, thickness, range, or width between the lowest and the highest pitches, determines the relationship between the various voices in a particular song (Stein 64). A song texture comprises of the monophony, homophony or polyphony. While monophony describes a clear text setting, polyphony describes a less clear setting. Since the poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In!† has a clear text setting, I would use monophony in the first and second stanzas, but later switch briefly to homophony at the beginning of the third stanza to the line, â€Å"As soon as you have come†, but pick up homophony from the line, â€Å"That blame is just as dear as praise.† Tone in a song describes the system or the language of music, describing the hierarchical relationship between the pitch, based on the key centre. Tone in a song could be either happy or sad (Rumery web). In a musical setting of the poem, â€Å"Dear March, Come In†, there are tonal variations in the v erses, as the singer expresses his emotions to March. At the beginning, the author indicates a cheerful tone, one that shows delight and the happiness of the singer, in celebration of March. However, after the stay and April knocks on the door, the author shows reluctance in opening the door. This shows some of sadness, after realizing that match is about to leave. Analysis and Comparison After listening to the recorded version of the song, it is possible to draw a number of conclusions.

Discuss how certain advertising strategies can be used to fool or Essay

Discuss how certain advertising strategies can be used to fool or manipulate consumers - Essay Example Some others try to attain the maximum attention through incessant talk. Such people are always the life of the party, where they catch the glimpse of all those around them. When a group of people is gathered in a room, the attention of all people is towards the one who talks more. There is nothing wrong with talking itself. However, utilizing â€Å"the gift of gab† alone is not enough to develop a pleasing personality. However, there are a lot of people who draw the attention of others not just by loose talking but informing, enlightening and persuading through their talk. There are some who are shy and reluctant to speak as they would make any mistake. Such people develop low-self esteem thinking that they do not have anything sufficient to contribute to the conversation. People who want to draw attention to themselves dress provocatively, exhibit incongruously seductive, and behave in a flirtatious manner. In order to get the maximum attention they shift their emotions rapid ly while interacting with another person. Moreover, while talking with somebody, such persons behave very dramatically as though presenting in front of an audience. However, they appear to have lack of genuineness. To be the center of attraction, they want continuous reassurance and support form others about each of their activity. And so, they are always overly concerned about their physical appearance and the way how others are looking at them. The most important weakness of such people is that they are easily influenced by others. They are highly sensitive to criticism and cannot withstand any disapproval from others. To obtain the attraction of all, they are ready to do anything and thus make rash decisions. They are always self-centered and seldom show concern for others. They are weak in maintaining a relationship and are bogus or shallow while dealing with others. Even further, they threaten or attempt to commit suicide to get the attention of the society. On the other hand, Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) is a condition referred as dramatic personality disorders. Such disorders are the negative impacts out of a person’s psychological imbalances. People who suffer from such disorder face with extreme and unsound emotions and distorted self-images. As Sperry points out, people having histrionic personality disorder depend on the comments of others and not believe their own feeling of self-worth (131). They always have an irresistible desire to be noticed, and often behave noticeably or inappropriately to grab the attention of others. The literal meaning of histrionic refers to dramatic or theatrical. The histrionic personality is commonly seen in women and in men, and the symptoms are evident by early adulthood. In almost all cases, the people with such disorder seem to have excellent social skills and talents; but they are more likely to use these skills to influence others in order that they could be the center of attention. They feel much uncomfortable unless they are noticed by all others. Even though the exact reason for Histrionic Personality Disorder is not found out, health care professionals suggest that both inherited and learned elements play vital roles in the development of such disorder. Besides environment, factors evolved with a child can create an atmosphere for the child to develop a disorder (Sperry, 131). Lack of sufficient criticism and punishment as a child, and other positive support elements are often an important factor

Customer Perception on advertising Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Perception on advertising - Article Example This essay "Perception and Consumer Actions" outlines the effect of the advertising on the customers and how the consumers should be treated through analyzing four different articles. The first article which will be analyzed is titled, â€Å"The Effect of Consumer Perception of Store Attributes on Apparel Store Preferences† reveals the fact that four distinct variables with respect to store preference: type of clothing in stock, outside store appearance, shopping hours, and advertising. Interestingly, the overall level of impact that these attributes had on store preference varied more widely between stores than researchers at first expected (Paulins and Geistfeld 380). This leads the researcher to infer that different expectations could be a primary motivator that helps to further define and constrain these â€Å"secondary† perceptions. Oftentimes, when analysts seek to draw inference upon a specific topic, they already assume that what is being measured is necessarily the primarily important metric. Due to the fact that the reserachers of this particular article approached the issue aware of the fact that other motivations and impacts could have paved the way for the perceptions to be measured in a certain way, this research approach bears a great deal of strength in seeking to define the entire process of consumer perception. A secondary article that will be analyzed and discussed within this brief analysis is that of one entitled â€Å"Advertised versus unexpected next purchase coupons: consumer satisfaction, perceptions of value, and fairness†.

Self-introduction Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-introduction - Personal Statement Example Although I spent much more time than other people in studying, I could not achieve high scores. Fortunately two years ago I chose to continue my education in the U.S., and it was here where my ideas and thoughts about studying changed significantly. First, I realized that as a teenager, studying at school could not be taken for granted. There are many overage students who go back to school after they have already been working in society. Many reasons can be attributed to this phenomenon, but I would say that for most it would be due to financial problems in the family. The fact that some of these people sacrificed their careers in order to receive more education shows how important it is for teenagers to be studying at school. Hence, I must cherish my time studying because I dont want to have to go back and redo it later on. Second, in comparing teaching methods between my home country and the U.S., I would say that here the college professors explored my interest in learning more and made learning fun. Now, although I feel like I have achieved success in college, I believe I must keep stepping forward in my specific field because I understand that knowledge is the most precious property in my life. In view of values, knowledge creates wealth. Therefore, I must prepare well for my future now so that I can reap the benefits once I have finished my education and look to enter the workforce. In the era of the knowledge economy, it is becoming increasingly hard for people to progress without having knowledge. It must be said that no knowledge is worthless because you never know when it will become useful later on. Under the ethos, values, and rights in the United States, I believe that I am more adept to study here instead of my home country. This is because the United States provides many opportunities to students to pursue and fulfill their dreams, something which cannot be applied to every student in my home country. Therefore, I set my

Love and Diane Essay Example for Free

Love and Diane Essay Synopsis Love Diane tells the epic story of a family over three generations. At its heart lies the highly charged relationship between a mother and daughter, desperate for love and forgiveness but caught in a devastating cycle. For Love, the world changed forever when she and her siblings were torn from their mother, Diane. Separated from her family and thrust into a terrifying world of institutions and foster homes, the memory of that moment is more vivid to her than her present life. Ten years have passed since that day and Love and her five siblings have been reunited with their mother. But all have been changed by the years of separation. They are almost strangers to each other and Love is tormented by the thought that it was her fault. At 8 years old she was the one who revealed to a teacher that her mother was an drug addict. Now she is 18 and HIV+. And she has just given birth to a son, Donyaeh. For Love Diane this baby represents everything good and hopeful for the future. But that hope is mixed with fear. Donyaeh has been born with the HIV virus and months must pass before his final status is known. As Diane struggles to make her family whole again and to realize some of her own dreams, Love seems to be drifting further and further away from her child. Diane, torn by her own guilt over her childrens fate when she was an addict, tries to help and to care for her grandson. But when Diane confides her fears for her daughter to a therapist, the police suddenly appear at the door. Donyaeh is taken from Loves arms and it seems to the family as if history has repeated itself. Now Love must face the same ordeal her mother had faced years before. She is charged with neglect and must prove to a world of social workers, therapists and prosecutors that she is a fit mother. And Diane must find the courage to turn away from her guilt and grasp a chance to pursue her long-deferred dreams. While the film takes us deep into the life of a single family, it also offers a provocative look at the Byzantine system that aims to help but as often frustrates the familys attempts to improve their situation. The film differs from many documentaries that deal with the problems facing poor communities in that it eschews talking eads and interviews with experts and aims instead to immerse the viewer in the experiences and thoughts of a family trying to survive and retain autonomy in the face of terrible challenges. Love ; Diane: Inner-City Blues: An Interview with Jennifer Dworkin For over eight years Jennifer Dworkin documented the personal struggles of a recovering crack addict and her troubled daughter in Love ; Diane. Fellow long-term filmmak er Steve James talks with Dworkin about her epic work of American vrit filmmaking. I first heard about Jennifer Dworkins Love Diane when it played at the 2002 New York Film Festival. Though I missed seeing it because I live in Chicago, the word was that this was a special film, one in which the filmmaker spent years intimately following the lives of a family. Since thats been my own filmmaking M. O. , I knew this was a documentary I had to see. So in November, when I finally did settle into my seat at Amsterdams International Documentary Festival to watch the film, I had pretty high expectations. Love Diane lived up to them and more. Its a powerful, uncompromising, yet compassionate portrait of a mother and daughter coping with a hard life in Brooklyn and an even more difficult personal history between them. In the best sense of the word, the film is a throwback to the heyday of cinema vrit filmmaking in the 60s and early 70s, When the Maysles were in their prime and young filmmakers like Barbara Kopple were making their mark. Love ; Diane is one of those films where the filmmaker earned such intimate access and the trust of her subjects that it gives viewers a rare and complex glimpse into the lives of people we rarely really see in films. And like most great film subjects, Diane Hazzard and her daughter, Love, continually confound our expectations of what it means to be a ghetto mom or an ex-crack addict or a black teenage mother. Meeting and getting to know the director, Jennifer Dworkin, was one of the pleasures of the Amsterdam festival. My film, Stevie, also played there, and Jennifer and I found unexpected common ground in the stories each of our films tells. Both films deal with troubled family history, struggles between a parent and child, foster care, poverty and the social service and legal systems. Yet, in other ways, Stevie and Love ; Diane, couldnt be more different. Filmmaker gave me a chance to talk further with Jennifer about her impressive first film and compare notes about how we each went about making such demanding and challenging films. Steve James: How long did you spend on this film? Jennifer Dworkin: You know, I never answer that question. James: Really? Dworkin: No, just kidding [laughs]. If you count directions I started but didnt end up using in the film, about eight years, including editing. But not full time. James: Of course not. How could one survive? Dworkin: Exactly.

The Role Of Hybridization In Speciation Biology Essay

The Role Of Hybridization In Speciation Biology Essay Charles Darwin had published, The origin of species by natural selection, using his lifes discoveries and analysis to define what a species is and how species originate follow through as a contentious debate especially in the study of evolutionary biology. The study of evolution helps us to understand what species are by loosely idealizing it as alien till one feeds on their hunger to gain knowledge about what has created the world and the extant and extinct varieties that have claimed it, including man. Many different species are discussed and debated continuously, with each one being weighed by pros and cons which can also be seen as the strong point to either validate the concept or a short -fall to nullify it. The most accepted definition of current is Mayrs biological species concept, according to Coyne Orr (2004) who have accepted nine species concepts (Claridge et al, 1997). Mayrss biological species concept places the evolution of complete reproductive isolation as the focal point of the process and nature of speciation (Mayr, 2002), the biological species concept was the solid basis of which he based his belief in gene flow being absent in some species, a decreased fitness level to certain hybrids. It is believed that the emergent species would infrequently form from the process in question according to Mayr (2002). Hybrid speciation implies that hybridization has had a principal role in the origin of a new species, hybrid species that have doubled their chromosome number (Mallet, 2007), the definition applies: 50% contributions from each derived species initially contain exactly one genome from each parent, although, in older polyploids, recombination and gene conversion may eventually lead to unequal contributions (Mallet, 2007). The factor which is critical in hybrid speciation is due to being reproductively isolated with a decreased fitness-level; therefore these progeny formed are of transitional then it is more likely to be more weakly reproductively isolated. Speciation can also be influenced by hybridization by the factor of reinforcement, this means that obstacles in reference to mating because of unfit hybrids being chosen, even-though progeny from this relationship does not form from the courtship, the scenario is questionable as to whether reinforcement can be looked at as hybrid spe ciation. An example of this that can be discussed is the diploid or triploid frog Rana esculenta which is complete heterozygous for Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda genomes (Mallet, 2007; TunnerNopp, 1979). Poly-, Allopoly- and Homoploidy, is it all just about how you do It? Plants use the means of polyploid evolution; these species are reproductively isolated due to the process of mating with diploid mates which give rise to uneven ploidies of progeny like triploids. These progeny may be able to reproduce but these progeny would cease to exist due aneuploidy (Stebbins, 1971; Grant, 1981; Ramsey Schemske, 2002) polyploidy is a simple way of creating speciation. Bisexually polypoid speciation is highly prevalent in plants as compared to animals due to: plants usually have indeterminate growth and somatic chromosome doubling can lead to germline polyploidy, germline refers to the sex cells that an organism contains which is sperm, egg and pollen in plants. Plants are often perennial or temporarily clonal which allow multigenerational persistence of hybrid cells within which polyploid mutations occur; plants are more often hermaphrodites, in rare polyploids self-fertilization allows a means of sexual reproduction (Mallet, 2007). Gene flow is weaker in pla nts as compared to animals with local populations which have unusual ploidy ( Bullini, 1994; OttoWhitton, 2000; Astaurov, 1969). Speciation can occur by the process of duplication of chromosomes within a species or duplication of hybrids (Mallet, 2005) between an autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy, respectively. Allopolyploid speciation follows self-fertilization and gives rise to a tetraploid; this can be seen from studies on Primula kewensis which was a result of Primula verticillata and Primula floribunda which had cultivated diploid hybrids. Speculation had lead to the belief that fusion of unreduced gametes had caused this due to the failure in reduction divisions during meiosis. A triploid species, known to be sterile, may add to the production of tetraploids by progeny being back-crossing triploid gametes; this was used to produce the first bisexual self-sustaining animal in a laboratory which was a polypoid strain hybrid between silk moths: Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina (Astaurov.B.L, 1969; Mallet.J, 2005). Homoploid hybrid speciation is well known to angiosperms, also known as flowering plants. Speciation occurs by mean of sympatry, a hybridization which requires gene flow. This is hybrids need to overcome challenges such as chromosome and gene incompatabilies with the lack of reproductive isolation, this often renders the process unlikely. There are approximately twenty plant species which are known for being a good example of homoploids however, this plant is hardly detected due to prevalence. Helianthus anomalus, Helianthus deserticola and Helianthis paradoxus are the best documented desert sunflowers which come from hybrids between mesic-adapted Helianthus annuus and Helianthus petiolaris (Buerkle et al, 2000; Gross Rieseberg, 2005; Mallet, 2007). Synthetic hybrid populations are re-created; being similar to those of wild species due to selection continuously favors combinations of compatible chromosomal rearrangements. In Helianthus recombinant genotypes and spatial separation hav e enabled the hybrids to flourish where their parents are absent (Mallet, 2005). In animals, bisexual polyploids are often excluded, the homoploid hybrids are less prominent in animals yet there is no given reason. The number in animals is growing rapidly (Dowling Secor, 1997; Gross Rieseberg, 2005). A recent example is the invasive sculpin, a hybrid fish derived from the Scheldt River (compare Cottus perifretum) and upper tributaries of the Rhine (compare Cottus rhenanum) (Mallet, 2007). Upper river tributaries of Europe have normal conditions of clear, cold waters, which make them oxygen-rich, for Sculpins. Earlier canal building became connected and these are a result of The Rhine and Scheldt rivers, but invasive sculpins appeared in the warmer water and muddier lower Rhine only in the past fifteen years. Morphologically the invasive sculpin is intermediate and its mitochondrial DNA, as well as nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites, are characteristic of b oth Scheldt and Rhine forms (Mallet, 2007; Nolte et al., 2005). This provides evidence of adaptive hybrid origin hence communicating that hybrids are displaying positive selective pressure. Hybrid speciation in the animal kingdom results thus far by data based on the respective genome. The disadvantages is that many homoploid hybrids fail to be present in the parent, secondly a decreased level of being reproductively isolated, however, contributing to maintaining or expanding ecologically with latest forms (Mallet, 2007). Importance of a future Innumerable discussions and journals of speciation have stressed the importance of reproductive compatabilities and isolation that occur due to physical and geological barriers; from this essay one can see that polyploidy is more dominant in plants but found to be rare in animals. Furthermore, at the root of many animal and plant groups ancient polyploidy has been found. Genome duplications probably facilitated the evolution of complex organisms (although this is debated) (Mallet, 2007; Otto Whitton, 2000), and we can infer that successful genome duplications were mostly allopolyploid, provided that limited plant community data are reliable (Grant, 1981; Brochman et al., 2004; Mallet, 2007). In my opinion, hybridization can be viewed as an effective catalyst for speciation to occur as it creates variation as in the case of the liger, apart from mutations, which according to the Molecular Clock hypothesis, occurs at a constant rate over time. The process of natural selection includes the need for gene variety which can then be complemented with hybridization also, the compatibility of species more suitably in more noticeably growing groups; suggesting that enough suspected animal homoploid hybrid species exist. A need for in depth genomic analyses is required, it is already possible for hybrid species, like the Helianthus, which can be developed and made accessible via the laboratory or grown naturally, making it hard to find another speciation mode documented historically and can be used experimentally easily. If hybrid species can adapt to survive, showing positive selection pressure, regardless of the challenges which are faced and to survive in competition with the parent organisms by completely new adaptations then will hybridization truly demonstrate the power of evolution through the years, starting a completely new train of thought which will spark more questions hence more research into this wide unknown. The ability of hybrid species to invade hitherto unoccupied niches also means that hybridization can contribute to adaptive radiations such as African cichlid fish and Darwins finches (Mallet, 2007). Humans have come up with uses of genetically modified crops and other ways in which to manipulate the gene and species of not only plants but animals too, therefore it can be said that Homo sapiens are in fact the invaders of Earth, not hybridization of species.

Hypokalemia After Acute Acetaminophen Overdose

Hypokalemia After Acute Acetaminophen Overdose Objectives: This study intended to determine the prevalence of hypokalemia and its clinical correlates in acute psychiatric illness among hypokalemic and normokalemic patients after acetaminophen overdose. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of hospital admissions for acute acetaminophen overdose conducted over a period of 5 years from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2008. Demographic data and different types of psychiatric illness were compared between hypokalemic and normokalemic patients. Hypokalemia was predefined by a serum concentration < 3.5 mmol/ L. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis. Results: Two hundred and eighty patients out of 305 admissions were studied. Hypokalemia was found in 63.6% of patients with a higher prevalence in the presence of psychiatric illness (67.7%). Hypokalemic patients were significantly associated with the presence of major depression (P = 0.04), adjustment disorder (P < 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.01), and suicidal attempts (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Hypokalemia was common among patients with psychiatric illness and acute acetaminophen overdose. Key Words: Acetaminophen; Hypokalemia; Overdose; Potassium; Psychiatric illness. Introduction Deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) is recognized as a major cause of suicide around the world.1 Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) is the most common drug employed in DSP in many countries, 2, 3 including Malaysia.4 Despite excellent safety in therapeutic doses of acetaminophen; it is also one of the leading causes of severe hepatic necrosis.5 Acetaminophen overdose may be accompanied by electrolyte disturbances including hypokalemia, and these appear to be independent of the hepatotoxic effects.6 These electrolyte changes appear to be due to the increase in fractional renal excretion of potassium, but the underlying cellular mechanisms by which acetaminophen might alter electrolyte transport are still unknown.6-9 In some cases, hypokalemia may be severe, reaching a level of 2.3 mmol/ L after reported ingestion of 48 g of acetaminophen.8 Hypokalemia, an easily identifiable and clinically important condition in clinical settings, has received little attention from researchers worldwide. Not only is hypokalemia associated with frequent cardiac and neuromuscular complications, but its effect on mental function may also exacerbate psychiatric disturbances.10, 11 Both anxiety12 and intense exercise13 increase circulating epinephrine, which induces a ÃŽ ²2 receptor-mediated influx of potassium into skeletal muscle.14 As this condition may be similar to the acute psychotic state, it was hypothesized that the decline in serum potassium concentration could be associated with the presence of psychiatric illness during acetaminophen overdose. To improve our knowledge of hypokalemia after acute acetaminophen overdose, we carried out a five-year, hospital-based study with the following objectives: 1) to determine the prevalence of hypokalemia in patients presenting to hospital after acetaminophen overdose, and 2) to investigate the clinical correlates in acute psychiatric illness among hypokalemic and normokalemic patients after acetaminophen overdose. Methods Settings and Study Design This is an observational retrospective case review of all patients with acute acetaminophen overdose admitted to a 1200-bed hospital located in the Northern region of Malaysia. The hospital provides health care and emergency treatment for all illnesses and accidents. All aspects of the study protocol, including access to and use of the patients clinical information, were authorized by the local health authorities before initiation of this study. Participants and Data Collection Data were collected from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2008. A computer generated list was obtained from the Hospital Record Office. We identified our cases according to the T-codes of the International Classification of Diseases-Tenth revision (ICD-10). All patients with diagnostic codes T 39.1 (acetaminophen overdose) were included in the study. Specially designed data-collection forms were used to collect data concerning age, gender, circumstances of overdose (accidental or suicidal), stated date and time of poisoning to calculate the latency time (the time of ingestion to the time the patient was presented at the hospital), quantity of acetaminophen ingested, GI decontamination such as stomach wash, laboratory tests including serum acetaminophen concentration, and serum potassium concentrations during the first day of admission and after a minimum of 4 hours of ingestion. Data on serum acetaminophen concentration measurements were obtained from the hospitals therapeutic drug monitoring laboratory service. In addition, data related to the presence of psychiatric illness were obtained. psychiatric illness was defined as the presence of any disturbance of emotional equilibrium, as manifested in maladaptive behavior and impaired functioning, caused by genetic, physical, chemical, biological, psychological, or social and cultur al factors such as depression, anxiety, adjustment disorders, impulsive behaviors and stress reactions, either emotional or behavioral; these causes were noted by the hospital psychiatric specialist report. Hypokalemia was defined as a serum potassium level of less than 3.5 mmol/ L.11 Patients with hypokalemia were classified into three groups based on potassium levels: (1) mild/ grade 1 (3.0 3.4 mmol/ L), (2) moderate/grade 2 (2.5 2.9 mmol/ L) and, (3) severe/grade 3 (< 2.5 mmol/ L).15 The charts of all patients identified through the search were reviewed and the data collected. Charts were excluded from analysis for the following reasons: (1) baseline potassium concentrations were not measured, (2) if patients had taken acetaminophen but the cause of ingestion was unknown or undetermined, (3) the time of ingestion was not known or (4) the patients were on regular prescribed drugs that lead to hypokalemia, such as furosemide, and (5) the patients were children under 13 years of age. Charts of patients who had laboratory tests at or more than 4 hours post-ingestion were extracted for further analysis. Statistical analysis Data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences program version 15 (SPSS). Data were expressed as mean  ± SD for continuous variables and as frequency for categorical variables. The Chi square or Fischers exact test, as appropriate, was used to test the significance between categorical variables. The independent samples t-test was used to compare means of continuous variables. Variables were tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Variables that were not normally distributed were expressed as a median (lower upper quartiles). Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Results Three hundred and five cases of acetaminophen overdose were identified. Of these, 25 patients (8.2%) were excluded. Baseline potassium concentrations were not measured in eight patients, one patient was given furosemide at admission, five patients were less than 13 years old, the cause of ingestion was unknown or undetermined in 11 patients, and therefore, the study population consisted of 280 patients (45 male and 235 female patients with a mean age of 23.4  ± 7.1, giving a female: male ratio of 5.22: 1). The majority (72.1%) of cases of acetaminophen ingestion were presented within eight hours. The median (interquartile range) quantity of acetaminophen ingested was 10 g (6 15 g). Initial management included stomach wash, which was performed in 181 (64.6%) cases. Activated charcoal was given while patients were in the Accident and Emergency department; it was given as single or multiple doses in 173 cases (61.8%). Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was given to 140 patients (50%) after acetaminophen levels were estimated. The median (interquartile range) serum acetaminophen concentration was 55.6 mg/ L (14 120 mg/ L). During the study period, 63.6% (178 patients; 33 males and 145 females) had potassium levels of less than 3.5 mmol/ L. For the hypokalemic patients, the mean potassium level was 3.1  ± 0.26 mmol/ L, while that for the normokalemic patients was 3.76  ± 0.35 mmol/ L. Most of the patients (129) were in mild stage hypokalemia and 45 patients were in moderate stage hypokalemia. Few patients (4) were in severe stage hypokalemia. Psychiatrically ill subjects were found to have hypokalemia, and the prevalence was higher than that in non-psychiatrically ill subjects (67.7% versus 43.8%; respectively, P = 0.002) (Figure 1). The most common clinical diagnosis among medically treated suicide attempters was adjustment disorder (45.7%) followed by impulsive behavior (24.3%), major depression (10.7%), and anxiety (2.1%). Hypokalemia was significantly associated with the presence of major depression (P = 0.04), adjustment disorder (P < 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.01), and suicidal attempts (P = 0.04). However, normokalemia was significantly associated with impulsive behavior (P < 0.001), the absence of psychiatric illness (P = 0.002), and the presence of accidental overdose (P = 0.04) (Table 1). One hundred and twelve patients with adjustment disorder and six patients with anxiety were found to have hypokalemia, and the prevalence of hypokalemia among these patients was higher than that in the overall study population and in patients with other psychiatric disorders (100% and 87.5%, respectively). Similarly, their mean potassium level was lower than that of the overall study population (3.16  ± 0.41 and 3.2  ± 0.21 mmol/ L, respectively) (Table 2). Eight hypokalemic patients (4.5%) were supplemented with oral potassium medication, and 85 hypokalemic patients (47.8%) were treated with intravenous potassium chloride, and their potassium levels were normalized in the next blood test. Additionally, most of the treated patients (59) were in mild stage hypokalemia and 32 patients were in moderate stage hypokalemia. Few patients (2) were in severe stage hypokalemia. Discussion This study is the first of its kind in Malaysia and has been carried out to determine the prevalence of hypokalemia in patients presenting to hospital after acute acetaminophen overdose, and to investigate the clinical correlates in acute psychiatric illness among hypokalemic and normokalemic patients after acetaminophen overdose in 280 patients with acute acetaminophen overdose collected retrospectively from a records registry. In this study hypokalemia was identified in 178 patients, and the prevalence of hypokalemia among hospitalized patients with acetaminophen overdose was 63.6%. A previous study found that hypokalemia was common in medical inpatient settings.16 About 20% of stroke, 10% of myocardial infarction patients,17 21.2% of psychiatric disorders,18 and about one third of acute acetaminophen overdose patients suffered from hypokalemia.9 The high prevalence of hypokalemia after acetaminophen overdose might be due to multiple risk factors. The etiology of hypokalemia is complex. The level of serum potassium depends on the balance between oral intake, renal and gastrointestinal losses as well as the balance and movement between extra and intra-cellular compartments.11 A previous study found that 7.6% of psychiatric patients had nutritional problems;19 inadequate dietary potassium intake was relatively rare unless daily potassium intake was less than 25 mmol.20 This study found that it was the psychiatrically ill patients, rather than those patients with no psychiatric illness, who were more likely to develop hypokalemia. This finding is consistent with other published studies that showed that hypokalemia was common among acute psychiatric inpatients.18, 21, 22 Adjustment disorders are often precipitated by stress reactions.23 For most people, stress is associated with higher cortisol levels.24, 25 Previous studies have suggested that high cortisol levels may be the principal cause of hypokalemia.26-28 In this study, patients with anxiety were suffering from a low mean potassium concentration and a high prevalence of hypokalemia. The exact mechanism was uncertain. This finding is in agreement with another published study that has shown small decreases in serum potassium among 200 pre-operative patients who had an increase in anxiety.12 The explanation of this finding is that anxiety increases the circulating epinephrine, 12 which induces a ÃŽ ²2 receptor-mediated influx of potassium into skeletal muscle.14 In the present study, patients with major depression were suffering from a high prevalence of hypokalemia. This finding is similar to a previous work that has shown patients with major depression had lower mean serum potassium values and a higher incidence of hypokalemia than other disorders such as dysthymic disorder and schizophrenic psychosis.18 This finding may be due to changes in adrenergic drive or in sensitivity or density of the ÃŽ ²2-receptor. 18 Expected findings in our study were the low incidence of hypokalemia in the patients with impulsive behavior. These patients differed significantly from the other types of psychiatric illness and considered as a part of the normal behavior.29 This is supported by findings that impulsivity is a type of human behavior characterized by the inclination of an individual to act on impulse rather than thought.30 It has been concluded in previous study that the decreased peripheral epinephrine levels may be involved in pathophysiology of impulsive and hyperactive behaviors.31 This mechanism results in a decreased uptake of potassium by cells. In addition, this study found that it was the suicidal patients, rather than those with accidental overdose, who were more likely to develop hypokalemia. Attempted suicide is assumed to be a hyper-adrenergic state.18 A retrospective study carried out on patients with psychiatric disorders concluded that significant differences existed among the attempted suicide group with regard to hypokalemia.18 ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor stimulation causes hypokalemia in experimental animals and humans.32 There is little doubt that one of the mechanisms of hypokalemia is a beta 2-receptor-mediated influx of potassium into skeletal muscle, induced by circulating epinephrine.18, 33, 34 It has been demonstrated that epinephrine causes excessive activation of the sodium/potassium-ATPase pump as a result of ÃŽ ²2-adrenergic receptor stimulation.14, 33 This mechanism results in an increased uptake of potassium by cells, leading to a decrease in serum potassium levels. As the influence of the adrenergic sy stem on serum potassium is found in many psychiatric situations, 18, 21, 22, 35 it may explain why a high prevalence of the patients included in our study were presented with hypokalemia. A high percentage of patients (47.7%) were still not being treated for low potassium levels, putting their health in jeopardy. The common occurrence of hypokalemia in patients with acute acetaminophen overdose should alert all clinicians to the importance of correcting potassium loss, since most of the patients with an acetaminophen overdose might have received intravenous fluids or N-acetylcysteine in serum dextrose 5%. However, this may have altered serum potassium concentrations through endogenous insulin production induced by 5% dextrose, resulting in movement of potassium into the intracellular compartment. Nonetheless, the extensive use of dextrose may expose the patients to higher risks. This study is the first one of its type in Malaysia to investigate the clinical correlates in acute psychiatric illness among hypokalemic and normokalemic patients after acetaminophen overdose. It is also the first study suggested that hypokalemia is related to psychiatric status after acetaminophen overdose rather than the previous studious that showed a dose-dependent relationship between fall in serum potassium and serum acetaminophen at presentation.6, 9 Our study suffers from a few limitations. Firstly, further risk factors for hypokalemia were not taken into account in the analysis. A second limitation is its retrospective nature and the lack of structured interview assessment of the subjects. Thirdly, we can only suggest, rather than prove, that the psychiatric state is responsible for the high occurrence of hypokalemia diagnosed in our population. Conclusions and recommendations In conclusion, hypokalemia is highly prevalent among psychiatrically ill patients and after acute acetaminophen overdose. Therefore, monitoring of serum potassium concentration may be clinically important on emergency admission for all cases of acute acetaminophen overdoses to prevent the consequences of hypokalemia. Supplemental potassium administration should be commenced as soon as possible. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for the financial support provided for their research. The assistance of the medical and record office staff is gratefully acknowledged. Conflict of interests: We would like to declare that there was no conflict of interests in conducting this research.

Dance In Public School Curricular Essay -- essays research papers

DANCE IN PUBLIC SCHOOL CURRICULA Dancing is a form of art that allows many children to express themselves through body motion while developing many skills. Children throughout the world have been dancing since the day they began walking. When a child to take their first steps and puts together the simplest combination of movements, that would be considered as dancing. Music also plays a major role in the development of children understanding dance, because it is can be used as an accompaniment, and can help children get a better feel for the rhythm in dances. Over the past century educators have come to the conclusion that dance serves as a form of art, and should be taught in public schools and colleges to help the growth in children of all ages both physically, mentally, and academically. The development in dance in education, during the 19th century in the United States, was linked to the sudden increase of elementary schools, secondary programs, colleges, as well as the establishment of private dance academies throughout the nation. Dance had always been thought as being just a form of socializing and not as a form of art. Private academies introduced dance as an art form before public schools. The private academies felt that through dance children would benefit greater academically, and physically, than those children who did not have the luxury of taking dance. Enrollment increased in private academies, while throughout the United States the enrollment in public schools steadily decreased. This was when educators decided to begin including dance in public school curricula. Kraus (1969) found that " a major influence in helping to bring dance into public schools and colleges was the work of the French dramatic teacher, Francois Delsante " (p.127). By the beginning of the 20th century, dance had become accepted by public schools throughout the United States and was now a required class. The only negative part about dance being taught in public schools, was that not all teachers who taught the dance classes were certified because there main objectives were to teach core classes. Throughout the United States, dance classes provided a form of exercise for children, but the dance were so basic it was not until public schools adopted the concept of modern dan... ...dance education is to continue growing throughout public schools and colleges in the United States, students, parents, and the rest of the community will need to stand behind their dance educators. Dance has always served a form of great exercise that allows people to express themselves through movement, and will continue to do so into the future. Dance education in the elementary level is a place that may need some help in child development, and the way to solve this problem is by getting classroom teachers who are skilled in dance and creative movement instruction. Dance education in the secondary level also needs to get highly skilled teachers who are also certified in dance themselves. It would also help attract more students if dance was presented in a different department other than physical education. Dance education in the college level is taught by certified dance instructors, therefore dancers in this level are able to explore movements, while being critiqued by someone who knows what is happening. Dance education has played a major role in the development of children of all ages, and will continue to do so, as long as dance educators and dancers have the proper support.

Juvenile Crime :: essays research papers

Remember doing something mischievous or wrong when you were a kid and getting the label "delinquent" slapped on you ? Did you ever wonder what it meant ? That is what my topic for today is . . . juvenile delinquency. In this report I will: define juvenile delinquency, give the extent of juvenile delinquency, give some suggestions on what causes juvenile delinquency, and what is being done in various communities to deal with this growing problem. The legal term juvenile delinquent was established so that young lawbreakers could avoid the disgrace of being classified in legal records as criminals. Juvenile delinquency laws were designed to provide treatment, rather than punishment, for juvenile offenders. Young delinquents usually are sent to juvenile courts, where the main aim is to rehabilitate offenders, rather than to punish them. But the term juvenile delinquency itself has come to imply disgrace in today's society. A youngster can be labeled a delinquent for breaking an y one of a number of laws, ranging from robbery to running away from home. But an action for which a youth may be declared a delinquent in one community may not be against the law in another community. In some communities, the police ignore many children who are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them directly to their parents. But in other communities, the police may refer such children to a juvenile court, where they may officially be declared delinquents. Crime statistics, though they are often incomplete and may be misleading, do give an indication of the extent of the delinquency problem. The FBI reports that during the early 1980's, about two-fifths of all arrests in the United States for burglary and arson were of persons under the age of 18. Juveniles also accounted for about one-third of all arrests for larceny. During any year, about 4 % of all children between the ages of 10 and 18 appear in a juvenile court. The percentage of youngsters in this group who are sent to court at least once is much higher. A third or more of those boys living in the slum areas of large cities may appear in a juvenile court at least once. Girls are becoming increasingly involved in juvenile delinquency. Today, about one of every five youngsters appearing in juvenile court is a girl. In the early 1900's, this ratio was about 1 girl to every 50 or 60 boys.

An Adolescent Ailment

Gun Violence: An Adolescent Ailment BY Arod56 On an unseasonably cold March morning in 1993, high school sophomore Edward Gillom exited his first period classroom and made his way through the crowded hallways of Harlem High School. After engaging in a heated argument, allegedly over a girl, with Ronricas â€Å"Pony' Gibson and Ricoh Lee, Gillom pulled out a . 38-caliber gun and opened fire. Gillom's shots fatally wounded Gibson and left Lee with a non-fatal gunshot wound to the neck (Washington Ceasefire, 2011 pg 1).The shooting in Harlem, Georgia sparked national attention as one of the first high school shootings nd added to the alarmingly high rates of gun violence by adolescents during the 1990s. According to the Virginia Youth Violence Project, forty-two homicides took place in American schools in 1993 (2009 pg/par). While the rate of gun violence in American schools has decreased substantially since the early 1990s, the death rate for adolescents due to firearms in the United States is still higher than in any other industrialized nation (Vittes, Sorenson, &ump; Gilbert, 2003 pg/par).The current generation of American teenagers has grown up surrounded by gun violence: in the ews; in their video games; and in the television programs they watch. In the last twenty years, the United States has seen an upsurge of gun related crimes among adolescents; as a result, political leaders and their constituents have become outraged at how accessible the nation's gun laws make firearms to children and the mentally unstable to obtain, especially considering the dramatic decrease of gun control, which will inevitably lead to increased gun crimes involving teenagers and young adults.Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States once said, â€Å"No free man shall be debarred the use of arms†. The constitutional right to keep and bear arms stems from the right to self-defense, and in the 2008 Supreme Court case District of Columbia v. Heller, the court ruled that â€Å"the Second Amendment protects a pre-existing individual right to keep and bear arms†¦ ncluding, the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation† (National Rifle Association, 2011 par 4). Although the Constitution gives individuals the right to bear arms, it does not exclude â€Å"prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places†¦ or laws imposing onditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of firearms,† (Romano ;ump; Wingert, 2011 par 13).In recent years here has been much discussion among the nation's lawmakers and their constituents as to whether or not the Second Amendment is still constitutional; the question is whether or not the Second Amendment should be revised, to prohibit the sale of firearms to those who do not meet certain conditions and qualifications, or even removed from the constitution. According to a national survey of 1 ,005 high school students, conducted by Vittes, Sorrenson and Gilbert, â€Å"63. percent of high school students believe that regulating he sale of guns does not violate the constitution† (2003, pg 12). In the same survey, 64. 6 percent responded that they would support stricter laws addressing the sale of firearms, and 82. 2 percent of those surveyed, believe that the government should make and enforce laws making it more difficult for criminals to obtain a gun†even if it means law abiding citizens would have a harder time purchasing guns (2003, pg 9).While the probability ot the Second Amendment being removed trom the Constitution is highly unlikely, the regulations that pro-gun control lobbyists have suggested seem incredibly logical. But despite the seemingly widespread support of stricter gun control, the gun control legislation that many Americans would like to see has yet to be passed by congress. According to the Center for Responsive Politi cs, in 2008 the National Rifle Association, the largest anti-gun control agency, spent 2. million dollars lobbying for pro-gun legislation, which is forty one times more than what gun control lobbyist could spend (Romano &ump; Wingert, 2011 par 7). The Gun Control Act of 1968, which is a revision of the National Firearms Act of 1934, established regulations for the selling of firearms and was passed in an effort to educe the amount of illegal firearm sales, to confine the sales of firearms to the buyer's state and to restrict certain people from, buying, selling, or transporting firearms (National Rifle Association, 2011b pg/par).As a result, national law prohibits the sale of firearms to those whom are currently under indictment for a felony, have been convicted of a felony, an illegal alien, a fugitive from the law, has been dishonorably discharged from the military, addicted to illegal narcotics or are non- residents of the state in which they are trying to purchase a gun (Nation al Rifle Association, 2011b pg/par). Despite these laws, lack of enforcement allowed individuals like Seung-Hui Cho and Jared Loughner, the shooters at the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre and the 2011 Tucson, Arizona shooting, to obtain firearms and take the lives of innocent people.The longer these laws go unenforced the longer gun violence crimes will continue to rise. There have been three noticeable periods in history during which the rates of adolescent gun violence peaked dramatically–1972-74, 1980 and 1992-3, with 1992-3 being the most dramatic increase (Wilkinson &ump; Fagan, 2001 pg 110). During the fourteen year timespan etween 1997 and 2011 there have been one-hundred and eighty-seven shootings on public school property in the United States (The Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, 2010).In their study of adolescents and their exposure to gun violence Wilkinson and Fagan stated that, Although violence has been a recurrent theme for decades among urban delinquency, y outh gun violence has become more prevalent and more concentrated spatially and socially in the past two decades. Starting in 1985, gun violence among teenagers rose sharply in prevalence; it diffused quickly through a generation of teenagers; it sustained a high prevalence and incidence for ver 5 years; and it has declined steadily in the past several years.This patter resembles nothing less than the outbreak of a contagious disease (Wilkinson ;ump; Fagan, 2001 pg 109). Although this study was conducted in 2001, its findings remain true, according to the National Institute of Justice since 2002 the prevalence of adolescent gun violence in America has risen steadily since 2000 (2010, chart 1). This â€Å"outbreak† of violence among youth is most prevalent and abundant in urban communities with high rates of low-income families and gang activity like Chicago, Illinois.In their 2009 report on youth violence in Chicago Roseanna Ander, Phillip Cook, Jens Ludwig and Harold Pollack stated that, â€Å"Over the past 50 years, our society has made far less progress in understanding how to protect our citizens from violence than from all manner of disease.

Public Schools vs Private Schools Essay

IntroductionAre clannish instill pupils violate than those in charitablekind domesticates? What argon some of the circumstanceors that separate the lineament of instruction gather ind by the ii groups of students? Controersy has in the prehistoric brewed over studies that energize presaged that students in clannish trains realize remediate than those in overt informs. This root is therefore meant at an in-depth compend of some(prenominal) the familiar and snobby stakeholders in the command carcass. The writ hug drug report leave behind focus on a pick up that reveals the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats experienced by students going by twain systems. The study employs a unique selection assume that involve religious and non-religious in affinity to man directs. The study focuses on how these factors trance the selection of crops by individuals and what exactly afford closed-door conditions attractive. The topic similarly ev aluates measures that fuel be taken to ensure that both the creation rails and the snobby schools offer the very(prenominal) tonicity of reproduction. query problemThe ambition among hush-hush and introduction schools has been current for a dour time. It is only with ascertain which one is break up that we faeces induce who is better among mystic school students and national school students. Although inquiry has been persisting for sooner some time, it is impossible for at least to state empiric each(prenominal)y that one system is better than the former(a). Similarly, there hasnt been passable betterment in the facts of lifeal celestial sphere despite the fact that recommendations halt been make constantly as to how to try and touch these systems. This therefore begs the suspicion. How send away the research be carried out in such(prenominal) a way that it soaringlights study issues in the educational sector that need to be turn to? The research is overly supposed to be narrow to light an empirical way through which the fibre of state-supported school students bunghole be measured against that of clannish school students. Human bes tend to be high of institutions that they argon affiliate to. That being said, conduction of an analysis of the system could be hindered by exaggeration or even put on witness statements. Research questions and variablesThe study should go forth for the comprehension of issues that lead to the rift between prevalent and hugger-mugger schools. It should alike whollyow for the settleing of questions such as ar private school students better than populace school students? If so how protestent atomic number 18 they from unexclusive school student? Or alternatively, in what aspects do these students differ? The composing should also organizeress the possibility of an hitch in the education sector so as to address the issues that demarcate the both institutions in terms of s elect education. This should be able to create a durable solution to the look issue. Variables involved in this study intromit socioeconomic status, maternal(p) education, peer group characteristics and fraternity support. socioeconomic statusThis is commonly referred to as SES. This could necessitate education at the home take as well as the strength towards education. The materials read at home could be very resourceful in upward(a) the students inspiration of knowledge. Similarly, a good environment, one without conjureal quarrels, where all the basic human needs be met posterior ensure that the student lavatory focus more than on education. handiness of books and access to the internet is a major contributor to the learning abut. These facilities ar non available to all though and this could demand the quality of education. Socioeconomic status could also affect the attitude towards education making info collection during the research rather difficult.P arnt al educationThe level of education of the parents is also a variable in this study. Parents could regularize their children to either, study hard and fall upon as much as they did or to disregard education all the homogeneous. Parents with a lower education level are non able to monitor their childrens progress in school or even to determine if they are receiving quality education. This may lead to reduced standards in education. Parental education could affectthe quality of a students work at school as well. Peer group characteristicsThe conjunction that is to be prepare at a prospective school may without a doubt determine whether a parent considers the school for his/her child. Parents al shipway want what is topper for their children. The thought that negative behavior is quite common in normal schools could be a negative aspect. This study should stock-still establish whether this is true and find ways to mitigate the same. Community supportThe community does in a way influence the activities of a learning institution. The community influences delay and behavioral mannerism that are acceptable. This is a major variable since different communities could favor different behavior.Importance and benefits of researchThis research could without a doubt be the snarled solution to the issues surrounding equality and uprightness in the educational sector. The research impart also resolving the unanswered questions desire what factors make private and state-supported school students different, whether the students are different or not as well as the question as to what tummy be do to ensure that there is a indestructible solution to these issues. Research objectivesThe study and afterward the research process, is meant to highlight issues that separate quality education provision between the public and private schools. It should also establish if at all public schools are better than private schools and vice versa. The research process depart highlight areas where these two differ and find ways to resolve these issues creating a lasting solution to the issues that hand over plagued the educational sector for a very long time. This paper, with the focus on past studies, go forth also look at past recommendations and what has been make to put them into effect not to mention the results they find achieved so far. What challenges have been faced during the implementation process and how they can be remedied in the future are also questions meant to be answered in the study. books reviewThe writings reviews in this paper has paid special emphasis on the choice of schools. The schoolman denomination has been tackled by David N. Figlio and Joe A. Stone. The ideas and measures stipulated in this member are as per stipulated by the two investigators. Their study is chiefly aimed at comparing private and public schools. Several factors have been put into consideration. They accommodate the exploit, management of the s chool, the quality of the teaching process, disunite size and the facilities offered by the school. The writer of this clause argue that private schools are more superior than public schools because the learners in private schools are more believably to successfully graduate from high school and get chances in colleges or universities. The proponents of this article can be criticized by the fact that public schools offer comparatively equal quality education. Also this article has used entropy from different private and public schools to apprehend the best school between private and public schools. This article has also place a special emphasis on the unique difference that occurs between the public schools and private schools sponsored by the church. Reality stipulates that other factors apart from religion can influence the quality of education that can be provided. For example the writers of this research article should have considered factors such as the selection process. by chance the selection process used during the intake of private schools mainly focuses on intelligent students. The second article that has been tackled in this literature review a research that was done by The Center of educational policy. The approximately unique affair with this research is that it recognizes that factors such as family land and the level of the school should be considered before making a semblance between any public and private schools. Also, a lot of studies that have been done in the past by scholars such as Hoffer, Coleman and Kilgore(1982) made terminals that private schools are incomparably better than public schools. It is burning(prenominal) to consider other important aspects of family life during any study. The good thing near this research is that it did appreciate the fact that the difference in issues such as the family of origin can make a great difference in the performance of different students. Although this study has considered these f actors, it is still lustrous that there are other issues deep down their methodology that have made their conclusion that those public schools are better and private schools appear lame.They argue that public schools improve the value of students and sustain them to continue maintaining the sense of smell of their private school performance, but there are still others who whose performance indicate a dropping graph. The other article dealt with in the literature review is the resemblance made between private schools, public schools and market schools done by Andrew J. Coulson. His paper focused on informally peaceful information and this is liable(predicate) to be biased. Sometimes, the media can encode information that private schools are better than public schools so that they can only create a public opinion that private schools should be prefer to public schools. The strength found in this article is that the information used is information that has been collected from variant parts of this world such as Chile, Thailand, India, Nigeria and Indonesia among other countries. The Educational Next JournaL IS the last article of the literature review in this marriage proposal. The actor of this article is known as Elena Llaudet and capital of Minnesota E. Peterson. This journal was written on pass 2007. They used NCES model that used to come to a students setting during the study and comparison of family backgrounds to identify incidences of pauperisation in families. They argued that the use of this model would help to identify the strengths of both private and public schools considering that the factor of poverty should be held constant. They also analyzed the number of students who had language difficulties and researched to see the language used in their homes. The writers of this article should have considered to analyze other factors that are likely to affect a students performance apart from their backgrounds. Research designThe research de sign of this situation study is mainly based on the assureing that a lot of comparison and analysis should be done in order to be able to answer the research problem. This research pass on be carried out by the use of range interviews, questionnaires and other methods that will be found workable at that time. To ensure that all possible comparison is made, the researcher will ensure that they make a itemization of Ten public school and ten Private schools to compare several variables about them. The main area of comparison is the pedantic performance, but other factors that are likely to affect academic performance will also be considered. These factors include facilities, human resource, discipline and the environment among other resilient factors. Data collection methodologyThe info collection methodology of this research proposal is aimed at collecting data from students, teachers, the ministry of education and its departments together with youth correction institutions. punitory Institutions for the youth will be very resourceful to help us to understand the rate of school truancy between the population from the public and the private schools. The data should be collected by inwardness of questionnaires, interviews, as well as hypothesis. The questionnaire should also be aimed at helping the researcher to understand how students feel about being in a public or private schools. Other possible questions include Do you think you would perform better if you were in a private school? Or Do you think that you would add more value in private or public school? If you were stipulation a chance to rate the facilities of your school out of ten, what value would you give? Also, the interviews will be conducted to students in school (both private and public), teachers, Heads of various school departments and the parents too. Expected resultsWhen family background is taken into account, the following results are anticipate from the research First and forem ost, young adults whose education was at private schools are likely no to be engaged in civic activities compared to young adults whose education was at public schools that are known to have limited resources and traditional ways of education. Also, when the population of young adults who schooled in private schools is compared to those who schooled in public schools, it is clear and intense that those good deal who discovered traditional public high schools are more satisfied with their jobs compared to the others who schooled in private schools. The performance of students in public schools is also expected to be better than those in private schools considering that they are happy to be more independent. Finally the large number who are more likely to attend college are those in public schools and not private schools. Generally, these expectations are meant to reveal that the people in private schools neither receive short term nor long-term academic advantages. ConclusionIn conclusion, it is unequivocally vivid that to understand the differences and singularity of both public and private schools, a lot of analysis has tobe done. This research is only a proposal of a lot of work which is in the offing to try and answer the research question. Public schools have various shortcomings and strengths at the same time. In the same way, private schools also have their uniqueness and shortcomings too.ReferencesAndrew J. Coulson, Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, (2009) Comparing Public, Private, and Market school days The International Evidence, journal of School Choice Coleman, J. S., Hoffer, T., & Kilgore, S. (1981). Public and private schools. Washington, D.C.? National Center for Education Statistics . Coleman, J. S., Hoffer, T., & Kilgore, S. (1982). gamy school achievement public, Catholic, and private schools compared. modern York Basic Books. David N. Figlio, School Choice and educatee Performance Are Private Schools rattling Better?, , Septembe r 1997 Elena Llaudet, Paul E. Peterson, The NCES Private-Public School Study, Winter 2007/Vol. 7/NO.1 Hoxby, C. M. (1994). Do private schools provide competition for public schools?. Cambridge, MA National Bureau of Economic Research. Mendelssohn, J. (2007). Which school? beyond public vs private. North Melbourne netherworld Press.